UČINCI POPUSTLJIVOSTI RODITELJA NA DEPRESIVNOST ADOLESCENATA U ODNOSU NA POZITIVNO RODITELJSTVO I SPOL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.1.27-47Ključne reči:
adolescenti, depresivnost, negativno i pozitivno roditeljstvo, popustljivost roditeljaApstrakt
Popustljivost roditelja podrazumijeva prenizak stupanj bihevioralne kontrole koje se najviše očituje u lakom popuštanju na djetetove zahtjeve, molbe, nagovaranja ili protivljenja zahtjevima, kao i višu razinu autonomije i slobode. Istraživanja učinaka roditeljske popustljivosti nisu jednoznačna i postoje istraživanja koja sugeriraju da popustljivost roditelja može imati pozitivne i negativne učinke u ovisnosti o tome koristi li se u kombinaciji s pozivnim roditeljstvom (emocionalna toplina i prihvaćanje, vodstvo i nadzor) ili negativnim roditeljstvom (odbacivanje, grubo kažnjavanje i psihološka kontrola). Cilj rada bio je provjeriti učinke popustljivosti roditelja na depresivnost adolescenata u ovisnosti o razinama negativnog i pozitivnog roditeljstva, pri čemu je uzet u obzir spol roditelja i djeteta. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 482 učenika svih razreda srednje škole, od čega 58.09% djevojaka. Sudionici su ispunili Upitnik roditeljskih postupaka zasebno za majku i oca, te Skalu depresivnosti za djecu. Rezultati testiranja učinaka interakcija popustljivosti s negativnim, odnosno pozitivnim roditeljstvom majke i oca pokazali su da pozitivno roditeljstvo moderira učinke popustljivosti na depresivnost, ali samo kod mladića, dok kod djevojaka popustljivost samostalno niti u interakciji s pozitivnim ili negativnim roditeljstvom nema značajnih učinaka. Naime, pokazalo se da, ako roditelji ispoljavaju pozitivno roditeljstvo u niskom stupnju, popustljivost nema značajnih učinaka, ali kod srednjih i visokih razina pozivnog roditeljstva, viša popustljivost roditelja ima značajne pozitivne učinke na depresivnost mladića. Rezultati sugeriraju da popustljivost umanjuje zaštitne učinke pozitivnog roditeljstva majke i oca, barem kod mladića. Rezultati, također, sugeriraju da je, za zaštitu mentalnog zdravlja mladih, korisno usmjeriti napore prema edukaciji i savjetovanju roditelja radi sprječavanja nepovoljnih učinaka njihove popustljivosti.
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Barton, A. L., & Hirsch, J. K. (2016). Permissive parenting and mental health in college students: Mediating effects of academic entitlement. Journal of American College Health, 64(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1060597
Barton, A. L., & Kirtley, M. S. (2011). Gender differences in the relationships among parenting styles and college student mental health. Journal of American College Health, 60(1), 2126. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2011.555933
Baumrind, D. (2005). Patterns of parental authority and adolescent autonomy. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 108, 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.128
Baumrind, D. (1993). The average expectable environment is not good enough: A response to Scarr. Child Development, 3, 12991317. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131536
Bernat, D. H., August, G. J., Hektner, J. M., & Bloomquist, M. L. (2007). The Early Risers preventive intervention: testing for six-year outcomes and mediational processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9116-5
Bhatia, S. K., & Bhatia, S. C. (2007). Childhood and adolescent depression. American Academy of Family Psychiatrics, 35, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_5_19
Campana, K. L., Henderson, S., Stolberg, A. L., & Schum, L. (2008). Paired maternal and paternal parenting styles, child custody and children's emotional adjustment to divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 48(34), 120. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v48n03_01
Collishaw, S. (2009). Trends in adolescent depression: a review of the evidence. In W. Yule (Ed.), Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: The Way Forward (pp. 7–18). Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
Dwairy, M. (2004). Parenting styles and mental health of Palestinian–Arab adolescents in Israel. Transcultural Psychiatry, 41(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461504043566.
Đorđević, M. (2008). Kriticizam roditelja, agresivnost adolescenata i sklonost ka zloupotrebi alkohola. U J. Todorović, S. Vidanović i V. Anđelković (Ur.), Mladi i porodica - Zbornik radova sa III Konferencije Dani primenjene psihologije (str. 77–93). Filozofski fakultet u Nišu.
Eberhart, N. E., & Hammen, C. L. (2006). Interpersonal predictors of onset of depression during transition to adulthood. Personal Relationships, 13, 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00113.x
Eun, J. D., Paksarian, D., He, J. P., & Ries Merikangas, K. (2018). Parenting style and mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1435-4
Fagot, B. I. (1995). Parenting boys and girls. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (pp. 91118). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Galambos, N. L., Leadbeater, B. J., & Barker, E. T. (2004). Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000235
Gibb, B. E., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2004). Emotional maltreatment from parents, verbal peer victimization, and cognitive vulnerability to depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COTR.0000016927.18027.c2
Gillespie, N. A., Zhu, G., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2003). Directions of causation modeling between cross-sectional measures of parenting and psychological distress in female twins. Behavior Genetics, 4, 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01026.x
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. The Guilford Press
Helsel, W. J., & Matson, J. L. (1984). The assessment of depression in children: The internal structure of the child depression inventory (CDI). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22(3), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(84)90009-3
Hops, H. (1992). Parental depression and child behavior problems: Implications for behavioral family intervention. Behavior Change, 9, 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0813483900006276
Hosley, C. A., & Montemayor, R. (1997). Fathers and adolescents. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 162178). John Wiley.
Hyde, J. S., Mezulis, A. H., & Abramson, L. Y. (2008). The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender differences in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2, 291–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.291.
Ingram, R. E., & Ritter, J. (2000). Vulnerability to depression: Cognitive reactivity and parental bonding in high-risk individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4, 588–596. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.588
Jovanović, A., Todorović, J. i Dimitrijević, B. (2008). Doživljaj odnosa sa roditeljima, agresivnost i aleksitimija mladih sa problemima i poremećajima u ponašanju. U J. Todorović, S. Vidanović i V. Anđelković (Ur.), Mladi i porodica - Zbornik radova sa III Konferencije Dani primenjene psihologije (str. 95123). Filozofski fakultet u Nišu.
Kaya, A. (2007). Socio-metric status, depression, and locus of control among Turkish early adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 1405–1414. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.10.1405
Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Jelinek, C., Kessel, E., Frost, A., Allmann, A. E. S., & Klein, D. N. (2017). Parental depressive history, parenting styles, and child psychopathology over six years: The contribution of each parent’s depressive history to the other’s parenting styles. Development and Psychopathology, 29(4), 1469–1482. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000396
Kuehner, C. (2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 108, 183–174. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x
Kurtović, A. i Marčinko, I. (2010). Odnos odgojnog stila roditelja sa strategijama suočavanja i depresivnošću kod adolescenata. Klinička psihologija, 3(12), 1943.
Kurtović, A. (2012). Uloga obitelji u depresivnosti adolescenata. Klinička psihologija, 5(12), 37–58.
Lin, T. E., & Lian, T. C. (2011). Relationship between perceived parenting styles and coping capability among Malaysian secondary school students. International Conference on Social Science and Humanity Proceedings, 5, 2024.
Liu, Y. (2006). Paternal/maternal attachment, peer support, social expectations of peer interaction, and depressive symptoms. Adolescence, 164, 705–722.
Logan, D. E., Claar, R. L., Guite, J. W., Kashikar-Zuck, S., Lynch-Jordan, A., Palermo, T. M., Wilson, A. C., & Zhou, C. (2013). Factor structure of the children's depression inventory in a multisite sample of children and adolescents with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 14(7), 689698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.01.777.
Marcotte, D., Fortin, L., Potvin, P., & Papillon, M. (2006). Gender differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence: Role of gender-typed characteristics, self-esteem, body- image, stressful life events and pubertal status. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 1, 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/106342660201000104
McGinn, L. K., Cukor, D., & Sanderson, W. C. (2005). The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression: Does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 219–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-3166-1
McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2008). Differential parenting between mothers and fathers: Implications for late adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 29(6), 806827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X07311222
Patock-Peckham, J. A., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2006). College drinking behaviors: Mediational links between parenting styles, impulse control, and alcohol-related outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.2.117
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