THE EFFECTS PARENTAL PERMISSIVENESS ON ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION WITH REGARD TO POSITIVE PARENTING AND GENDER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.1.27-47Keywords:
adolescents, depression, negative and positive parenting, parental permissivenessAbstract
Parental permissiveness entails low levels of behavioral control evident in easy caving before children’s demands, pleads, persuasions or resistance to parental demands, as well as allowing a a higher level of freedom to a child or adolescent. Studies examining the effects of parental permissiveness are not consistent, and there are studies suggesting that permissiveness can have both positive and negative effects depending on its combination with positive (emotional warmth and acceptance, positive discipline and control) or negative (refection and negative discipline) parenting. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental permissiveness on adolescent depression depending on the level of negative and positive parenting. A total of 482 high school students participated in the study, out of which 58.09% were girls. The participants completed Questionnaire on parental behavior and Child depression scale. The effects of interactions of permissiveness with negative and positive parenting of both mother and father were tested, separately for girls and boys. The results have shown positive parenting moderated the effects of parental permissiveness on depression in boys, but not girls. In boy, if parents exhibit low levels of positive parenting, there were no significant effects of permissiveness on depression, but if parents exhibit moderate to high levels of positive parenting, higher permissiveness predicted higher depression. The results suggest that parental permissiveness decreases the protective effects of positive parenting, at least in boys. Results also suggest that, in protecting youth mental health, it is useful to direct efforts at educating and counseling parents in order to prevent adverse effects of their permissiveness.
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References
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Barton, A. L., & Hirsch, J. K. (2016). Permissive parenting and mental health in college students: Mediating effects of academic entitlement. Journal of American College Health, 64(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1060597
Barton, A. L., & Kirtley, M. S. (2011). Gender differences in the relationships among parenting styles and college student mental health. Journal of American College Health, 60(1), 2126. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2011.555933
Baumrind, D. (2005). Patterns of parental authority and adolescent autonomy. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 108, 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.128
Baumrind, D. (1993). The average expectable environment is not good enough: A response to Scarr. Child Development, 3, 12991317. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131536
Bernat, D. H., August, G. J., Hektner, J. M., & Bloomquist, M. L. (2007). The Early Risers preventive intervention: testing for six-year outcomes and mediational processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9116-5
Bhatia, S. K., & Bhatia, S. C. (2007). Childhood and adolescent depression. American Academy of Family Psychiatrics, 35, 22–35. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_5_19
Campana, K. L., Henderson, S., Stolberg, A. L., & Schum, L. (2008). Paired maternal and paternal parenting styles, child custody and children's emotional adjustment to divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 48(34), 120. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v48n03_01
Collishaw, S. (2009). Trends in adolescent depression: a review of the evidence. In W. Yule (Ed.), Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: The Way Forward (pp. 7–18). Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
Dwairy, M. (2004). Parenting styles and mental health of Palestinian–Arab adolescents in Israel. Transcultural Psychiatry, 41(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461504043566.
Đorđević, M. (2008). Kriticizam roditelja, agresivnost adolescenata i sklonost ka zloupotrebi alkohola. U J. Todorović, S. Vidanović i V. Anđelković (Ur.), Mladi i porodica - Zbornik radova sa III Konferencije Dani primenjene psihologije (str. 77–93). Filozofski fakultet u Nišu.
Eberhart, N. E., & Hammen, C. L. (2006). Interpersonal predictors of onset of depression during transition to adulthood. Personal Relationships, 13, 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00113.x
Eun, J. D., Paksarian, D., He, J. P., & Ries Merikangas, K. (2018). Parenting style and mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1435-4
Fagot, B. I. (1995). Parenting boys and girls. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (pp. 91118). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Galambos, N. L., Leadbeater, B. J., & Barker, E. T. (2004). Gender differences in and risk factors for depression in adolescence: A 4-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000235
Gibb, B. E., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2004). Emotional maltreatment from parents, verbal peer victimization, and cognitive vulnerability to depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COTR.0000016927.18027.c2
Gillespie, N. A., Zhu, G., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2003). Directions of causation modeling between cross-sectional measures of parenting and psychological distress in female twins. Behavior Genetics, 4, 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01026.x
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. The Guilford Press
Helsel, W. J., & Matson, J. L. (1984). The assessment of depression in children: The internal structure of the child depression inventory (CDI). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22(3), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(84)90009-3
Hops, H. (1992). Parental depression and child behavior problems: Implications for behavioral family intervention. Behavior Change, 9, 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0813483900006276
Hosley, C. A., & Montemayor, R. (1997). Fathers and adolescents. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 162178). John Wiley.
Hyde, J. S., Mezulis, A. H., & Abramson, L. Y. (2008). The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender differences in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2, 291–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.291.
Ingram, R. E., & Ritter, J. (2000). Vulnerability to depression: Cognitive reactivity and parental bonding in high-risk individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4, 588–596. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.588
Jovanović, A., Todorović, J. i Dimitrijević, B. (2008). Doživljaj odnosa sa roditeljima, agresivnost i aleksitimija mladih sa problemima i poremećajima u ponašanju. U J. Todorović, S. Vidanović i V. Anđelković (Ur.), Mladi i porodica - Zbornik radova sa III Konferencije Dani primenjene psihologije (str. 95123). Filozofski fakultet u Nišu.
Kaya, A. (2007). Socio-metric status, depression, and locus of control among Turkish early adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 1405–1414. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.10.1405
Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Jelinek, C., Kessel, E., Frost, A., Allmann, A. E. S., & Klein, D. N. (2017). Parental depressive history, parenting styles, and child psychopathology over six years: The contribution of each parent’s depressive history to the other’s parenting styles. Development and Psychopathology, 29(4), 1469–1482. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000396
Kuehner, C. (2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 108, 183–174. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x
Kurtović, A. i Marčinko, I. (2010). Odnos odgojnog stila roditelja sa strategijama suočavanja i depresivnošću kod adolescenata. Klinička psihologija, 3(12), 1943.
Kurtović, A. (2012). Uloga obitelji u depresivnosti adolescenata. Klinička psihologija, 5(12), 37–58.
Lin, T. E., & Lian, T. C. (2011). Relationship between perceived parenting styles and coping capability among Malaysian secondary school students. International Conference on Social Science and Humanity Proceedings, 5, 2024.
Liu, Y. (2006). Paternal/maternal attachment, peer support, social expectations of peer interaction, and depressive symptoms. Adolescence, 164, 705–722.
Logan, D. E., Claar, R. L., Guite, J. W., Kashikar-Zuck, S., Lynch-Jordan, A., Palermo, T. M., Wilson, A. C., & Zhou, C. (2013). Factor structure of the children's depression inventory in a multisite sample of children and adolescents with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 14(7), 689698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.01.777.
Marcotte, D., Fortin, L., Potvin, P., & Papillon, M. (2006). Gender differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence: Role of gender-typed characteristics, self-esteem, body- image, stressful life events and pubertal status. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 1, 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/106342660201000104
McGinn, L. K., Cukor, D., & Sanderson, W. C. (2005). The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression: Does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 219–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-3166-1
McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2008). Differential parenting between mothers and fathers: Implications for late adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 29(6), 806827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X07311222
Patock-Peckham, J. A., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2006). College drinking behaviors: Mediational links between parenting styles, impulse control, and alcohol-related outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.2.117
Patock-Peckham, J. A., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2009). Mediational links among parenting styles, perceptions of parental confidence, self-esteem, and depression on alcohol-related problems in emerging adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70, 215226. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.215
Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Posterino, M., Carlin, J. B., & Wolfe, R. (2001). Parental "affectionless control" in adolescent depressive disorder. Social Psychiatry, 36, 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270170011
Pavićević, M. i Stojijković, S. (2016). Percipirani vaspitni stavovi roditelja kao prediktori interpersonalne orijentacije studenata. Primenjena psihologija, 9(3), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2016.3.293-311
Pelemiš, S. (2017). Vaspitni stil roditelja kao faktor opšteg uspeha učenika. Pedagoška stvarnost, 63(1). 27–40. https://doi.org/10.19090/ps.2017.1.27-40
Piko, B. F., & Balazs, M. A (2012). Control or involvement? Relationship between authoritative parenting style and adolescent depressive symptomatology. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 21, 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0246-0
Pittman, L. D., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2001). African American adolescent girls in impoverished communities: Parenting style and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(2), 199–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00010
Richaud De Minzi, M. C. (2006). Loneliness and depression in middle to late childhood: The relationship to attachment and parental styles. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 2, 189–210. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.167.2.189-210
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