ZNAMO LI ŠTO NAS ČINI SRETNIMA? VAŽNOST LAIČKIH UVJERENJA O UZROCIMA SREĆE I VRIJEDNOSTI ZA DOŽIVLJAJ SREĆE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.3.345-364Ključne reči:
implicitne teorije, sreća, uvjerenja, vrijednostiApstrakt
Potraga za srećom predstavlja jednu od temeljnih ljudskih težnji koja je u posljednje vrijeme privukla pažnju brojnih istraživača zainteresiranih za otkrivanje čimbenika koji utječu na sreću. Za razliku od većine prethodnih istraživanja u ovom području, koja su bila usmjerena isključivo na ispitivanje antecedenata i posljed- ica doživljavanja sreće, u ovom su istraživanju uz pomoć Upit- nika laičkih uvjerenja o uzrocima sreće ispitana implicitna, laička uvjerenja pojedinaca o uzrocima sreće, kao i njihova povezanost s vrijednostima. Uz to, ispitana je važnost spomenutih laičkih uvjerenja o uzrocima sreće i vrijednosti za trenutno doživljenu razinu sreće sudionika. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 401 studenta različitih društvenih i humanističkih studija u Hrvat- skoj. Rezultati faktorske analize Upitnika laičkih uvjerenja o uzro- cima sreće pokazali su petfaktorsku strukturu ovog instrumenta, pri čemu su kao zasebni faktori, odnosno mogući uzroci sreće izdvojena životna postignuća, dostupnost luksuza, socijalna pot- pora, osobne snage, te zdravlje i sigurnost koji su pokazali samo umjerene korelacije s vrijednostima pojedinaca. Na kraju, rezultati hijerarhijske regresijske analize izdvojili su vrijednost otvorenosti za promjene te socijalnu potporu koja predstavlja mogući uzrok sreće kao značajne prediktore trenutne sreće sudionika. Dobi- veni rezultati proširuju i nadopunjuju prethodne nalaze u ovom području i pokazuju kako laička uvjerenja o sreći i vrijednosti imaju određeni, relativno skromni doprinos doživljaju sreće.
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Bilsky, W., & Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Values and personality. European Journal of Personality, 8(3), 163–181. doi:10.1002/per.2410080303
Brdar, I. i Anić, P. (2010). Životni ciljevi, orijentacije prema sreći i psihološke potrebe adolescenata: Koji je najbolji put do sreće. Psihologijske teme, 19(1), 169‒187.
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back‒translation for cross‒cultural research. Journalof Cross– Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. doi:10.1177/135910457000100301
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, ap- plications, and programming. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Caunt, B. S., Franklin, J., Brodaty, N. E., & Brodaty, H. (2012). Exploring the causes of subjective well‒being: A content analysis of peoples’ recipes for long‒ term happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 475‒499. doi:10.1007/ s10902‒012‒9339‒1
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Headey, B. W. (2008). Life goals matter to happiness: A revision of set‒point theory. Social Indicators Research, 86(2), 213–231. doi:10.1007/s11205‒ 007‒9138‒y
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2014). World happiness report 2013. Earth Institute, Columbia University.
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Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1985). Measurement in cross‒cultural psychology: A review and comparison of strategies. Journal of Cross–Cultural Psychology, 16(2), 131–152. doi:10.1177/0022002185016002001
Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well‒being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well–Being, 1(2), 137– 164. doi:10.1111/j.1758‒0854.2009.01008.x
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2010). The WVS cultural map of the world. Preuzeto sa: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/arti- cle_base_54
Koštrun, S. (2004). Hedonisticki i eudemonisticki aspekt psiholoske dobrobiti: Adap- tacija dvofaktorske skale. Zagreb: Filozofski fakultet.
Lu, L. (1999). Personal or environmental causes of happiness: A lon- gitudinal analysis. Journal of Social Psychology, 139(1), 79–90. doi:10.1080/00224549909598363
Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual ori- ented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269–291. doi:10.1007/s10902‒004‒8789‒5
Lu, L., Gilmour, R., & Kao, S. F. (2001a). Cultural values and happiness: An East‒West dialogue. Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 477‒493. doi:10.1080/00224540109600566
Lu, L., Gilmour, R., Kao, S. F., Weng, T.‒H., Hu, C. H., Chern, J. G., … Shih, J. B. (2001b). Two ways to achieve happiness: When the East meets the West. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(7), 1161–1174. doi:10.1016/ S0191‒8869(00)00100‒8
Lu, L., & Shih, J. B. (1997). Sources of happiness: A qualitative approach. The Jour-
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Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111– 131. doi:10.1037/1089‒2680.9.2.111
McDonald, J. D. (2008). Measuring personality constructs: The advantages and disadvantages of self‒reports, informant reports and behavioural assess- ments. Enquire, 1(1), 1–18.
O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Re- search Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 32, 396‒402. doi:10.3758/ BF03200807
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Bilsky, W., & Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Values and personality. European Journal of Personality, 8(3), 163–181. doi:10.1002/per.2410080303
Brdar, I. i Anić, P. (2010). Životni ciljevi, orijentacije prema sreći i psihološke potrebe adolescenata: Koji je najbolji put do sreće. Psihologijske teme, 19(1), 169‒187.
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back‒translation for cross‒cultural research. Journalof Cross– Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. doi:10.1177/135910457000100301
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, ap- plications, and programming. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Caunt, B. S., Franklin, J., Brodaty, N. E., & Brodaty, H. (2012). Exploring the causes of subjective well‒being: A content analysis of peoples’ recipes for long‒ term happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 475‒499. doi:10.1007/ s10902‒012‒9339‒1
Chiasson, N., Dube, L., & Blondin, J. (1996). Happiness: A look into the folk psychol- ogy of four cultural groups. Journal of Cross–Cultural Psychology 27, 673–691. doi:10.1177/0022022196276002
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analy- sis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1‒9.
Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella‒Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. (2011). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quan- titative findings. Social Indicators Research, 100(2), 158‒207. doi:10.1007/ s11205‒010‒9632‒5
Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Wissing, M.P., Araujo, U., Solano, A.C, Freire, T., . . . Soosai‒ Nathan, L. (2016). Lay definitions of happiness across nations: The primacy of inner harmony and relational connectedness. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 30. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00030.
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well‒being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. doi:10.1037/0033‒2909.95.3.542
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81–84.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well‒be- ing: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. doi:10.1037/0003‒066X.55.1.34
Epstein, S.(1994). Integrationofthecognitiveandthepsychodynamicunconscious.
American Psychologist, 49(8), 709–724. doi:10.1037/0003‒066X.49.8.709 Ferić, I. (2007). Univerzalnost sadržaja i strukture vrijednosti: Podaci iz Hrvatske.
Društvena istraživanja, 16(1‒2 (87‒88)), 3‒26.
Ferić, I. (2008). Sustav vrijednosti kao odrednica dominantnih političkih prefer- encija. Društvena istraživanja, 4–5(96‒97), 615‒629.
Ferić, I. (2009). Vrijednosti i vrijednosni sustavi: Psihologijski pristup. Zagreb: Alin- ea.
Franc, R., Šakić, V. i Ivičić, I. (2002). Values and value orientations of adoles- cents: Hierarchy and correlation with attitudes and behaviours. Društvena istraživanja, 11(2‒3 (58‒59)), 215–238.
Furnham, A., & Cheng, H. (2000). Lay theories of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(2), 227–246. doi:10.1023/A:1010027611587
Furnham, A., Cheng, H., & Shirasu, Y. (2001). Lay theories of happiness in the East and West. Psychologia, 44(3), 173–187. doi:10.2117/psysoc.2001.173
Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuition- ist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–834.
doi:10.1037/0033‒295X.108.4.814
Haslam, N., Whelan, J., & Bastian, B. (2009). Big Five traits mediate associations between values and subjective well‒being. Personality and Individual Differ- ences, 46(1), 40–42. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.001
Headey, B. W. (2008). Life goals matter to happiness: A revision of set‒point theory. Social Indicators Research, 86(2), 213–231. doi:10.1007/s11205‒ 007‒9138‒y
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2014). World happiness report 2013. Earth Institute, Columbia University.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covari- ance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1985). Measurement in cross‒cultural psychology: A review and comparison of strategies. Journal of Cross–Cultural Psychology, 16(2), 131–152. doi:10.1177/0022002185016002001
Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well‒being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well–Being, 1(2), 137– 164. doi:10.1111/j.1758‒0854.2009.01008.x
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2010). The WVS cultural map of the world. Preuzeto sa: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/arti- cle_base_54
Koštrun, S. (2004). Hedonisticki i eudemonisticki aspekt psiholoske dobrobiti: Adap- tacija dvofaktorske skale. Zagreb: Filozofski fakultet.
Lu, L. (1999). Personal or environmental causes of happiness: A lon- gitudinal analysis. Journal of Social Psychology, 139(1), 79–90. doi:10.1080/00224549909598363
Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual ori- ented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269–291. doi:10.1007/s10902‒004‒8789‒5
Lu, L., Gilmour, R., & Kao, S. F. (2001a). Cultural values and happiness: An East‒West dialogue. Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 477‒493. doi:10.1080/00224540109600566
Lu, L., Gilmour, R., Kao, S. F., Weng, T.‒H., Hu, C. H., Chern, J. G., … Shih, J. B. (2001b). Two ways to achieve happiness: When the East meets the West. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(7), 1161–1174. doi:10.1016/ S0191‒8869(00)00100‒8
Lu, L., & Shih, J. B. (1997). Sources of happiness: A qualitative approach. The Jour-
nal of Social Psychology, 137(2), 181–187.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111– 131. doi:10.1037/1089‒2680.9.2.111
McDonald, J. D. (2008). Measuring personality constructs: The advantages and disadvantages of self‒reports, informant reports and behavioural assess- ments. Enquire, 1(1), 1–18.
O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Re- search Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 32, 396‒402. doi:10.3758/ BF03200807
Paulhus, D. L., & Vazire, S. (2007). The self‒report method. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 224–239). New York: Guilford Press.
Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Stud- ies, 6(1), 25–41. doi:10.1007/s10902‒004‒1278‒z
Pflug, J. (2009). Folk theories of happiness: A cross‒cultural comparison of con- ceptions of happiness in Germany and South Africa. Social Indicators Re- search, 92(3), 551–563. doi:10.1007/s11205‒008‒9306‒8
Raboteg‒Šarić, Z., Šarić, J. i Zajc, M. (1997). Ispitivanje sustava terminalnih i in- strumentalnih vrednota adolescenata. Društvena istraživanja, 6(6 (32)), 775‒785.
R Core Team (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Preuzeto sa: http:// www.R‒project.org/.
Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S. H., & Knafo, A. (2002). The Big five personality factors and personal values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 789–801. doi: 10.1177/0146167202289008
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York, NY: Free press. Rokeach, M. (2008). Understanding human values. New York, NY: Free press.
Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (2000). Value priorities and subjective well‒being: Direct relations and congruity effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(2), 177‒198. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099‒0992(200003/04)30:2<177::AID‒ EJSP982>3.0.CO;2‒Z
Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–338. doi:10.3200/ JOER.99.6.323‒338
Schmitt, T. A. (2011). Current methodological considerations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 304‒321. doi:10.1177/0734282911406653
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoreti- cal advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25(1), 1–65. doi:10.1016/S0065‒2601(08)60281‒6
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