KONSTRUKCIJA UPITNIKA PODRŠKE TUGUJUĆIMA: PROVERA FAKTORSKE STRUKTURE I METRIJSKIH KARAKTERISTIKA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.3.259-284Ključne reči:
faktorska struktura, psihometrijske karakteristike, Upitnik podrške tugujućima, usmerenost na osobuApstrakt
Socijalna podrška tugujućim osobama predstavlja važnu psiho- lošku oblast, koja se u nekoliko poslednjih decenija nalazi u foku- su sve većeg broja empirijskih studija. Međutim, u domaćoj nauci fenomen pružanja verbalne podrške ožalošćenima tek počinje da se uvodi u repertoar istraživačkih problema. Stoga je osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja bio pionirski poduhvat, koji je podrazume- vao konstruisanje upitnika za ispitivanje suportivnog potencijala poruka koje neposredno socijalno okruženje uobičajeno upućuje pojedincima u procesu žaljenja zbog smrti bliske osobe. Pored Upitnika podrške tugujućima, u radu su prikazane faktorska struk- tura, kao i psihometrijske karakteristike novokonstruisanog instru- menta. Drugi cilj istraživanja odnosio se na utvrđivanje stepena (ne)korisnosti različitih poruka upućenih ožalošćenima, a ispitan je i odnos između doživljene korisnosti poruka i stepena njihove usmerenosti na tugujuću osobu. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na prigodnom uzorku od 301 ispitanika. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da se radi o validnom i pouzdanom instrumentu, čija se kom- pozitn1a struktura sastoji od pet dimenzija: Socijalna podrška, Minimiziranje osećanja tugujućeg, Isticanje religijske perspektive, Komplimentiranje i normalizacija osećanja tugujućeg i Nuđenje konkretne pomoći. Drugi deo rezultata potvrđuje očekivanje da stepen usmerenosti na osobu predstavlja odgovarajuće teorijsko objašnjenje različitog intenziteta delotvornosti poruka upućenih osobama u procesu tugovanja.
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Arambašić, L. (2005). Gubitak, tugovanje, podrška. Jastrebarsko: Naklada Slap. Batenburg, A., & Das, E. (2014). An experimental study on the effectiveness of dis-
closing stressful life events and support messages: When cognitive reappra- isal support decreases emotional distress, and emotional support is like saying nothing at all. PLoS ONE, 9(12), 1‒20. doi:10.1371
Bath, D. M. (2009). Predicting social support for grieving persons: A the- ory of planned behavior perspective. Death Studies, 33, 869‒889. doi:10.1080/07481180903251547
Beli‒Genc, J. i Ninković, S. (2011). Dem Tod ein schönes Gesicht zaubern. Von Eu- phemismen im Bereich des Todes. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, XXXVI‒1, 23‒31.
Bippus, A. M. (2011). Recipients’ criteria for evaluating the skillfulness of comfor- ting communication and the outcomes of comforting interactions. Communi- cation Monographs, 68(3), 301‒313. doi:10.1080/03637750128064
Bodie, G. D. (2009). Evaluating listening theory: Development and illustra- tion of five criteria. The International Journal of Listening, 23, 81‒103. doi:10.1080/10904010903014434
Bodie, G. D., & Jones, S. M. (2012). The nature of supporting listening II: The role of verbal person centeredness and nonverbal immediacy. Western Journal of Communication, 76(3), 250‒269. doi:10.1080/10570314.2011.651255
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., & Jones, S. M. (2012). Explaining the relationships among supportive message quality, evaluations, and outcomes: A dual‒pro- cess approach. Communication Monographs, 79(1), 1‒22. doi:10.1080/0363 7751.2011.646491
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., Holmstrom, A. J., McCullough, J. D., Rack, J. J., Hanaso- no, L. K., & Rosier, J. G. (2011). Effects of cognitive complexity and emotional upset on processing supportive messages: Two tests of a dual‒process theory of supportive communication outcomes. Human Communication Research, 37, 350‒376. doi:10.1111/j.1468‒2958.2011.01405.x
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., Rosier, J. G., McCullough, J. D., Holmstrom, A. J., Rack,
J. J., Hanasono, L. K., & Mincy, J. (2010). Explaining the impact of attachment style on evaluations of supportive messages: A dual‒process framework. Communication Research, 38(2), 228‒247. doi:10.1177/0093650210362678 Bodie, G. D., Jones, S. M., Vickery, A. J., Hatcher, L., & Cannava, K. (2014). Examining the construct validity of enacted support: A multitrait‒multimethod analysis
for judging immediacy and listening behaviors. Communication Monographs,
81(4), 495‒523. doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.957223
Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., & McDevitt‒Murphy, M. E. (2010). African American homicide bereavement: Aspects of social support that predict complicated grief, PTSD, and depression. OMEGA, 61(1), 1‒24. doi:10.2190/OM.61.1.a
Burleson, B. R. (1982). The development of comforting communication skills in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 53, 1578‒1588. doi:10.2307/1130086
Burleson, B. R., & Samter, W. (1985). Consistencies in theoretical and naive evalu- ations of comforting messages. Communication Monographs, 52, 103‒123. doi:10.1080/03637758509376099
Burleson, B. R., Hanasono, L. K., Bodie, G. D., Holmstrom, A. J., Rack, J. J., Rosier, J. G., & McCullough, J. D. (2009). Explaining gender differences in responses to supportive messages: Two tests of a dual‒process approach. Sex Roles, 61, 265‒280. doi:10.1007/s11199‒009‒9623‒7
Burleson, B. R., Hanasono, L. K., Bodie, G. D., Holmstrom, A. J., McCullough, J. D. Rack,
J. J., &, Rosier, J. G. (2011). Are gender differences in responces to supportive communication a matter of ability, motivation, or both? Reading patterns of situation effects through the lens of a dual‒process theory. Communication Quarterly, 59(1), 37‒60. doi:10.1080/01463373.2011.541324
Hogan, N. S., & DeSantis, L. (1994). Things that help and hinder adolescent si- bling bereavement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 16, 132‒153. doi:10.1177/019394599401600202
Holgado–Tello, E. P., Chacón–Moscoso, S., Barbero–García, I., & Vila–Abad, E. (2012). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirma- tory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity, 44(1), 153–166. doi:10.1007/s11135‒008‒9190‒y
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the numbers of factors in factor analysis.
Psychometrika, 30, 179‒185. doi:10.1007/BF02289447
Jones, S. M., & Wirtz, J. G. (2006). How does the comforting process work? An em- pirical test of an appraisal‒based model of comforting. Human Communicati- on Research, 32, 217‒243. doi:10.1111/j.1468‒2958.2006.00274.x
Knežević, G. i Momirović, K. (1996). RTT9G, program za analizu metrijskih karak- teristika kompozitnih mernih instrumenata. U P. Kostić (Ur.), Problemi mere- nja u psihologiji, 2 (str. 37‒56). Beograd: Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja.
Kunkel, A. (2002). Explaining sex differences in the evaluation of comforting massages: The mediating role of interaction goals. Communication Reports, 15(1), 29‒42. doi:10.1080/08934210209367750
Lehman, D. R., Ellard, J. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1986). Social support for the be- reaved: Recipients’ and providers’ perspectives on what is helpful. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 438‒446. doi:10.1037/0022‒ 006X.54.4.438
Logan, E. L., Thornton, J. A., & Breen, L. J. (2018). What determines supportive behaviours following bereavement? A systematic review and call to action. Death Studies, 42(2), 104‒114. doi:10.1080/07481187
Marwit, S. J., & Carusa, S. S. (1998). Communicated support following loss: Exami- ning the experiences of parental death and parental divorce in adolescence. Death Studies, 22, 237‒255. doi:10.1080/074811898201579
Rack, J. J., Burleson, B. R., Bodie, G.D., Holmstrom, A. J., & Servaty‒Seib, H. (2008). Bereaved adults’ evaluations of grief management messages: Effects of me- ssage person centeredness, recipient individual differences, and contextual factors. Death Studies, 32, 399‒427. doi:10.1080/07481180802006711
Samter, W. (2002). How gender and cognitive complexity influence the provisi- on of emotional support: A study of indirect effects. Communication Reports, 15(1), 5‒16. doi:10.1080/08934210209367748
Servaty‒Seib, H. L., & Burleson, B. R. (2007). Bereaved adolescents’ evalua- tions of the helpfulness of support‒intended statements: Associations with person centeredness and demographic, personality, and contextu- al factors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(2), 207‒223. doi:10.1177/0265407507075411
Simonsen, G., & Cooper, M. (2015). Helpful aspects of bereavement counselling: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 15(2), 119‒127. doi:10.1002/capr.12000
Subotić, S. (2013). Pregled metoda za utvrđivanje broja faktora i komponenti (u EFA i PCA). Primenjena psihologija, 6(3), 203‒229.
Tedrick Parikh, S. J., & Servati‒Seib, H. L. (2011). College students’ beliefs about supporting a grieving peer. Death Studies, 37, 653‒669. doi:10.1080/074811 87.2012.684834
Winters, M., & Waltman, M. S. (1997). Feminine gender identity and interperso- nal cognitive differentiation as correlates of person‒centered comforting. Communication Reports, 10(2), 123‒132. doi:10.1080/08934219709367668 Worden, J. W. (2005). Savjetovanje i terapija u tugovanju. Jastrebarsko: Naklada
Slap.
Arambašić, L. (2005). Gubitak, tugovanje, podrška. Jastrebarsko: Naklada Slap. Batenburg, A., & Das, E. (2014). An experimental study on the effectiveness of dis-
closing stressful life events and support messages: When cognitive reappra- isal support decreases emotional distress, and emotional support is like saying nothing at all. PLoS ONE, 9(12), 1‒20. doi:10.1371
Bath, D. M. (2009). Predicting social support for grieving persons: A the- ory of planned behavior perspective. Death Studies, 33, 869‒889. doi:10.1080/07481180903251547
Beli‒Genc, J. i Ninković, S. (2011). Dem Tod ein schönes Gesicht zaubern. Von Eu- phemismen im Bereich des Todes. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, XXXVI‒1, 23‒31.
Bippus, A. M. (2011). Recipients’ criteria for evaluating the skillfulness of comfor- ting communication and the outcomes of comforting interactions. Communi- cation Monographs, 68(3), 301‒313. doi:10.1080/03637750128064
Bodie, G. D. (2009). Evaluating listening theory: Development and illustra- tion of five criteria. The International Journal of Listening, 23, 81‒103. doi:10.1080/10904010903014434
Bodie, G. D., & Jones, S. M. (2012). The nature of supporting listening II: The role of verbal person centeredness and nonverbal immediacy. Western Journal of Communication, 76(3), 250‒269. doi:10.1080/10570314.2011.651255
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., & Jones, S. M. (2012). Explaining the relationships among supportive message quality, evaluations, and outcomes: A dual‒pro- cess approach. Communication Monographs, 79(1), 1‒22. doi:10.1080/0363 7751.2011.646491
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., Holmstrom, A. J., McCullough, J. D., Rack, J. J., Hanaso- no, L. K., & Rosier, J. G. (2011). Effects of cognitive complexity and emotional upset on processing supportive messages: Two tests of a dual‒process theory of supportive communication outcomes. Human Communication Research, 37, 350‒376. doi:10.1111/j.1468‒2958.2011.01405.x
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., Rosier, J. G., McCullough, J. D., Holmstrom, A. J., Rack,
J. J., Hanasono, L. K., & Mincy, J. (2010). Explaining the impact of attachment style on evaluations of supportive messages: A dual‒process framework. Communication Research, 38(2), 228‒247. doi:10.1177/0093650210362678 Bodie, G. D., Jones, S. M., Vickery, A. J., Hatcher, L., & Cannava, K. (2014). Examining the construct validity of enacted support: A multitrait‒multimethod analysis
for judging immediacy and listening behaviors. Communication Monographs,
81(4), 495‒523. doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.957223
Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., & McDevitt‒Murphy, M. E. (2010). African American homicide bereavement: Aspects of social support that predict complicated grief, PTSD, and depression. OMEGA, 61(1), 1‒24. doi:10.2190/OM.61.1.a
Burleson, B. R. (1982). The development of comforting communication skills in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 53, 1578‒1588. doi:10.2307/1130086
Burleson, B. R., & Samter, W. (1985). Consistencies in theoretical and naive evalu- ations of comforting messages. Communication Monographs, 52, 103‒123. doi:10.1080/03637758509376099
Burleson, B. R., Hanasono, L. K., Bodie, G. D., Holmstrom, A. J., Rack, J. J., Rosier, J. G., & McCullough, J. D. (2009). Explaining gender differences in responses to supportive messages: Two tests of a dual‒process approach. Sex Roles, 61, 265‒280. doi:10.1007/s11199‒009‒9623‒7
Burleson, B. R., Hanasono, L. K., Bodie, G. D., Holmstrom, A. J., McCullough, J. D. Rack,
J. J., &, Rosier, J. G. (2011). Are gender differences in responces to supportive communication a matter of ability, motivation, or both? Reading patterns of situation effects through the lens of a dual‒process theory. Communication Quarterly, 59(1), 37‒60. doi:10.1080/01463373.2011.541324
Hogan, N. S., & DeSantis, L. (1994). Things that help and hinder adolescent si- bling bereavement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 16, 132‒153. doi:10.1177/019394599401600202
Holgado–Tello, E. P., Chacón–Moscoso, S., Barbero–García, I., & Vila–Abad, E. (2012). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirma- tory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity, 44(1), 153–166. doi:10.1007/s11135‒008‒9190‒y
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the numbers of factors in factor analysis.
Psychometrika, 30, 179‒185. doi:10.1007/BF02289447
Jones, S. M., & Wirtz, J. G. (2006). How does the comforting process work? An em- pirical test of an appraisal‒based model of comforting. Human Communicati- on Research, 32, 217‒243. doi:10.1111/j.1468‒2958.2006.00274.x
Knežević, G. i Momirović, K. (1996). RTT9G, program za analizu metrijskih karak- teristika kompozitnih mernih instrumenata. U P. Kostić (Ur.), Problemi mere- nja u psihologiji, 2 (str. 37‒56). Beograd: Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja.
Kunkel, A. (2002). Explaining sex differences in the evaluation of comforting massages: The mediating role of interaction goals. Communication Reports, 15(1), 29‒42. doi:10.1080/08934210209367750
Lehman, D. R., Ellard, J. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1986). Social support for the be- reaved: Recipients’ and providers’ perspectives on what is helpful. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 438‒446. doi:10.1037/0022‒ 006X.54.4.438
Logan, E. L., Thornton, J. A., & Breen, L. J. (2018). What determines supportive behaviours following bereavement? A systematic review and call to action. Death Studies, 42(2), 104‒114. doi:10.1080/07481187
Marwit, S. J., & Carusa, S. S. (1998). Communicated support following loss: Exami- ning the experiences of parental death and parental divorce in adolescence. Death Studies, 22, 237‒255. doi:10.1080/074811898201579
Rack, J. J., Burleson, B. R., Bodie, G.D., Holmstrom, A. J., & Servaty‒Seib, H. (2008). Bereaved adults’ evaluations of grief management messages: Effects of me- ssage person centeredness, recipient individual differences, and contextual factors. Death Studies, 32, 399‒427. doi:10.1080/07481180802006711
Samter, W. (2002). How gender and cognitive complexity influence the provisi- on of emotional support: A study of indirect effects. Communication Reports, 15(1), 5‒16. doi:10.1080/08934210209367748
Servaty‒Seib, H. L., & Burleson, B. R. (2007). Bereaved adolescents’ evalua- tions of the helpfulness of support‒intended statements: Associations with person centeredness and demographic, personality, and contextu- al factors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(2), 207‒223. doi:10.1177/0265407507075411
Simonsen, G., & Cooper, M. (2015). Helpful aspects of bereavement counselling: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 15(2), 119‒127. doi:10.1002/capr.12000
Subotić, S. (2013). Pregled metoda za utvrđivanje broja faktora i komponenti (u EFA i PCA). Primenjena psihologija, 6(3), 203‒229.
Tedrick Parikh, S. J., & Servati‒Seib, H. L. (2011). College students’ beliefs about supporting a grieving peer. Death Studies, 37, 653‒669. doi:10.1080/074811 87.2012.684834
Winters, M., & Waltman, M. S. (1997). Feminine gender identity and interperso- nal cognitive differentiation as correlates of person‒centered comforting. Communication Reports, 10(2), 123‒132. doi:10.1080/08934219709367668 Worden, J. W. (2005). Savjetovanje i terapija u tugovanju. Jastrebarsko: Naklada
Slap.
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Genc, A., Pekić, J., Rajić, I., & Obradović, J. (2018). KONSTRUKCIJA UPITNIKA PODRŠKE TUGUJUĆIMA: PROVERA FAKTORSKE STRUKTURE I METRIJSKIH KARAKTERISTIKA. Primenjena Psihologija, 11(3), 259–284. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.3.259-284
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