RELATIONSHIPS OF AGENTIC AND COMMUNAL NARCISSISM WITH SELF-EFFICACY IN VARIOUS LIFE DOMAINS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.1.91-117Keywords:
agency, communion, agentic narcissism, communal narcissism, self-efficacyAbstract
Narcissism is a multidimensional construct, and according to one of the newest conceptualizations, based on the agency-communion model, two dimensions of grandiose narcissism can be distinguished - agentic and communal. Agentic narcissism manifests as a magnification of own accomplishments and competences, while communal narcissism manifests as an emphasis on one’s empathy and doing good deeds for others and mankind. Thus, it can be expected that the two aspects of narcissism show different relationships with self-efficacy in various life domains. The aim of this study is to explore the typology of narcissism, based on agency and communion orientation, as well as to compare dimensional and typological approaches in exploration of relations between narcissim and self-efficacy across different life domains (social, emotional and professional). Results of latent profile analysis showed that four types could be extracted based on measures of agentic and communal narcissism: high narcissism, agentic narcissism, communal narcissism, and low narcissism. Furthermore, results showed that there were no significant differences between high and agentic narcissism types in self-efficacy in various domains, as both showed higher scores on all aspects of self-efficacy. On the other hand, there were no differences in social and work self-efficacy between communal and low narcissism types, but communal type showed higher scores in emotional self-efficacy. Agentic type showed higher scores on both work and social self-efficacy, compared to communal type, while there are no differences in emotional self-efficacy. Comparison of dimensional and typological approaches showed that narcissism types had incremental predictive power over and above the narcissism dimensions in explanation of social and work self-efficacy, but not in explanation of emotional self-efficacy.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
References
Abele, A. E., & Bruckmüller, S. (2013). The Big Two of agency and communion in language and communication. In J. Forgas, O. Vincze, & J. László (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp. 173–184). Psychology Press.
Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17(5), 327–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.492
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). An investigation of personality types within the HEXACO personality framework. Journal of Individual Differences, 30, 181–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.30.4.181
Barry, C. T., Anderson, A. C., & Charles, N. E. (2019). Dimensions of adolescent narcissism: A variable-centered versus person-centered approach. Journal of Individual Differences, 40(3), 149–155. http://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000287
Bergman, L. R., & Magnusson, D. (1997). A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 9(2), 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095457949700206x
Brookes, J. (2015). The effect of overt and covert narcissism on self-esteem and self-efficacy beyond self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 172–175. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.013
Brown, A. A. (2017). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic in relationships: A perceived control perspective. Unpublished doctoral disertation, The Ohio State University.
Brown, R. P., Budzek, K., & Tamborski, M. (2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(7), 951–964. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209335461
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319. http://doi.org/ 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
Diehl, M., Owen, S. K., & Youngblade, L. M. (2004). Agency and communion attributes in adults’ spontaneous self-representations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(1), 1–15. http://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000226
Dinić, B. M., Petrović, B., & Jonason, P. K. (2018). Serbian adaptations of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) and Short Dark Triad (SD3). Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 321–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.018
Dinić, B.M., & Vujić, A. (2019). The Pathological Narcissism Inventory: Measurement invariance across Serbian and USA samples and further validation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000537
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001). Narcissism and motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 216–219.
Fida, R., Paciello, M., Tramontano, C., Barbaranelli, C., & Farnese, M. L. (2015). “Yes, I Can”: the protective role of personal self-efficacy in hindering counterproductive work behavior under stressful conditions. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(5), 479–499. http://doi.org/ 10.1080/10615806.2014.969718
Foster, J. D., & Trimm IV, R. F. (2008). On being eager and uninhibited: Narcissism and approach–avoidance motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 1004–1017. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208316688
Fraley, C., & Raftery, A. E. (2002). mclust: Software for model-based clustering, density estimation and discriminant analysis (Tech. Rep, No. 415). Department of Statistics, University of Washington, WA.
Gebauer, J. E., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Agency and communion in grandiose narcissism. In A. E. Abele & B. Wojciszke (Eds.), Agency and communion in social psychology (pp. 90–102). Routledge.
Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Verplanken, B., & Maio, G. R. (2012). Communal narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 854–878. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0029629
Grijalva, E., Jarms, P. D., Newman, D. A., Gaddis, B. H., & Fraley, R. C. (2015). Narcissism and leadership: A meta-analitic review of linear and nonlinear relationships. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 1–47. http://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12072
Gutmann, D. (1994). Reclaimed powers: Men and women in later life. Northwestern University Press.
Hirschi, A., & Jaensch, V. K. (2015). Narcissism and career success: Occupational self-efficacy and career engagement as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 205–208. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.002
Holtzman, N. S., Vazire, S., & Mehl, M. R. (2010). Sounds like a narcissist: Behavioral manifestations of narcissism in everyday life. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 478–484. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.001
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. http://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jahani, H. J. G., Ehsanikenari, A., & Sharif, A. S. (2018). Role of self-efficacy and negative perfectionism in the prediction of procrastination of narcissistic personality: A study on non-clinical subjects. Emerging Science Journal, 2(6), 388–399. http://doi.org/ 10.28991/esj-2018-01158
Kirk, B. A., Schutte, N. S., & Hine, D. W. (2008). Development and preliminary validation of an emotional self-efficacy scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5), 432–436. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.010
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(1), 3–31. http://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316685018
Ksinan, A. J., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2016). Narcissism, Internet, and social relations: A study of two tales. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 118–123. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.016
Luo, Y. L., Cai, H., Sedikides, C., & Song, H. (2014). Distinguishing communal narcissism from agentic narcissism: A behavior genetics analysis on the agency–communion model of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 49, 52–58. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jrp.2014.01.001
Mathieu, C., & St-Jean, É. (2013). Entrepreneurial personality: The role of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 527–531. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.026
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Hyatt, C. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Controversies in narcissism. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 291–315. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244
Paulhus, D. L. (2019). The Big Two dimensions of desirability. In A. E. Abele & B. Wojciszke (Eds.), Agency and communion in social psychology (pp. 79–89). Routledge.
Paunonen, S. V., & Hong, R. Y. (2010). Self‐Efficacy and the Prediction of Domain‐Specific Cognitive Abilities. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 339–360. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00618.x
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590–590. http://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
Rogoza, R., & Fatfouta, R. (2019). Normal and pathological communal narcissism in relation to personality traits and values. Personality and Individual Differences, 140(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.039
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. http://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Smith, H. M., & Betz, N. E. (2000). Development and validation of a scale of perceived social self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 8(3), 283–301. http://doi.org/ 10.1177/106907270000800306
Turner, I. N., Foster, J. D., & Webster, G. D. (2019). The Dark Triad's inverse relations with cognitive and emotional empathy: High-powered tests with multiple measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 1–6. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.030
Vonk, J., Zeigler-Hill, V., Ewing, D., Mercer, S., & Noser, A. E. (2015). Mindreading in the dark: Dark personality features and theory of mind. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 50–54. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.025
Wai, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 794–799. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008
Wetzel, E., Leckelt, M., Gerlach, T. M., & Back, M. D. (2016). Distinguishing subgroups of narcissists with latent class analysis. European Journal of Personality, 30(4), 374–389. http://doi.org/10.1002/per.2062
Wright, A. G., & Edershile, E. A. (2018). Issues resolved and unresolved in pathological narcissism. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 74–79. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.10.001
Wu, W., Wang, H., Zheng, C., & Wu, Y. J. (2019). Effect of narcissism, psychopathy and Machiavellianism on entrepreneurial intention–the mediating of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article No. 360. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00360
Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Czarna, A. Z., Piotrowski, J., Baran, T., & Maltby, J. (2016). Structural validity of the Communal Narcissism Inventory (CNI): The bifactor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 315–320. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.036
Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17(5), 327–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.492
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). An investigation of personality types within the HEXACO personality framework. Journal of Individual Differences, 30, 181–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.30.4.181
Barry, C. T., Anderson, A. C., & Charles, N. E. (2019). Dimensions of adolescent narcissism: A variable-centered versus person-centered approach. Journal of Individual Differences, 40(3), 149–155. http://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000287
Bergman, L. R., & Magnusson, D. (1997). A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 9(2), 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095457949700206x
Brookes, J. (2015). The effect of overt and covert narcissism on self-esteem and self-efficacy beyond self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 172–175. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.013
Brown, A. A. (2017). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic in relationships: A perceived control perspective. Unpublished doctoral disertation, The Ohio State University.
Brown, R. P., Budzek, K., & Tamborski, M. (2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(7), 951–964. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209335461
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319. http://doi.org/ 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
Diehl, M., Owen, S. K., & Youngblade, L. M. (2004). Agency and communion attributes in adults’ spontaneous self-representations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(1), 1–15. http://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000226
Dinić, B. M., Petrović, B., & Jonason, P. K. (2018). Serbian adaptations of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) and Short Dark Triad (SD3). Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 321–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.018
Dinić, B.M., & Vujić, A. (2019). The Pathological Narcissism Inventory: Measurement invariance across Serbian and USA samples and further validation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000537
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001). Narcissism and motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 216–219.
Fida, R., Paciello, M., Tramontano, C., Barbaranelli, C., & Farnese, M. L. (2015). “Yes, I Can”: the protective role of personal self-efficacy in hindering counterproductive work behavior under stressful conditions. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(5), 479–499. http://doi.org/ 10.1080/10615806.2014.969718
Foster, J. D., & Trimm IV, R. F. (2008). On being eager and uninhibited: Narcissism and approach–avoidance motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 1004–1017. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208316688
Fraley, C., & Raftery, A. E. (2002). mclust: Software for model-based clustering, density estimation and discriminant analysis (Tech. Rep, No. 415). Department of Statistics, University of Washington, WA.
Gebauer, J. E., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Agency and communion in grandiose narcissism. In A. E. Abele & B. Wojciszke (Eds.), Agency and communion in social psychology (pp. 90–102). Routledge.
Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Verplanken, B., & Maio, G. R. (2012). Communal narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 854–878. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0029629
Grijalva, E., Jarms, P. D., Newman, D. A., Gaddis, B. H., & Fraley, R. C. (2015). Narcissism and leadership: A meta-analitic review of linear and nonlinear relationships. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 1–47. http://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12072
Gutmann, D. (1994). Reclaimed powers: Men and women in later life. Northwestern University Press.
Hirschi, A., & Jaensch, V. K. (2015). Narcissism and career success: Occupational self-efficacy and career engagement as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 205–208. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.002
Holtzman, N. S., Vazire, S., & Mehl, M. R. (2010). Sounds like a narcissist: Behavioral manifestations of narcissism in everyday life. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 478–484. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.001
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. http://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jahani, H. J. G., Ehsanikenari, A., & Sharif, A. S. (2018). Role of self-efficacy and negative perfectionism in the prediction of procrastination of narcissistic personality: A study on non-clinical subjects. Emerging Science Journal, 2(6), 388–399. http://doi.org/ 10.28991/esj-2018-01158
Kirk, B. A., Schutte, N. S., & Hine, D. W. (2008). Development and preliminary validation of an emotional self-efficacy scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5), 432–436. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.010
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(1), 3–31. http://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316685018
Ksinan, A. J., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2016). Narcissism, Internet, and social relations: A study of two tales. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 118–123. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.016
Luo, Y. L., Cai, H., Sedikides, C., & Song, H. (2014). Distinguishing communal narcissism from agentic narcissism: A behavior genetics analysis on the agency–communion model of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 49, 52–58. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jrp.2014.01.001
Mathieu, C., & St-Jean, É. (2013). Entrepreneurial personality: The role of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 527–531. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.026
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Hyatt, C. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Controversies in narcissism. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 291–315. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244
Paulhus, D. L. (2019). The Big Two dimensions of desirability. In A. E. Abele & B. Wojciszke (Eds.), Agency and communion in social psychology (pp. 79–89). Routledge.
Paunonen, S. V., & Hong, R. Y. (2010). Self‐Efficacy and the Prediction of Domain‐Specific Cognitive Abilities. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 339–360. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00618.x
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590–590. http://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
Rogoza, R., & Fatfouta, R. (2019). Normal and pathological communal narcissism in relation to personality traits and values. Personality and Individual Differences, 140(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.039
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. http://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Smith, H. M., & Betz, N. E. (2000). Development and validation of a scale of perceived social self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 8(3), 283–301. http://doi.org/ 10.1177/106907270000800306
Turner, I. N., Foster, J. D., & Webster, G. D. (2019). The Dark Triad's inverse relations with cognitive and emotional empathy: High-powered tests with multiple measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 1–6. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.030
Vonk, J., Zeigler-Hill, V., Ewing, D., Mercer, S., & Noser, A. E. (2015). Mindreading in the dark: Dark personality features and theory of mind. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 50–54. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.025
Wai, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 794–799. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008
Wetzel, E., Leckelt, M., Gerlach, T. M., & Back, M. D. (2016). Distinguishing subgroups of narcissists with latent class analysis. European Journal of Personality, 30(4), 374–389. http://doi.org/10.1002/per.2062
Wright, A. G., & Edershile, E. A. (2018). Issues resolved and unresolved in pathological narcissism. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 74–79. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.10.001
Wu, W., Wang, H., Zheng, C., & Wu, Y. J. (2019). Effect of narcissism, psychopathy and Machiavellianism on entrepreneurial intention–the mediating of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article No. 360. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00360
Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Czarna, A. Z., Piotrowski, J., Baran, T., & Maltby, J. (2016). Structural validity of the Communal Narcissism Inventory (CNI): The bifactor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 315–320. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.036
