BEREAVED SUPPORT QUESTIONNAIRE: DEVELOPMENT, FACTOR STRUCTURE AND METRIC CHARACTERISTICS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.3.259-284Keywords:
Bereaved Support Questionnaire, factor structure, person centeredness, psychometric characteristicsAbstract
In the recent decades social support in the bereavement process represents an important and newly emerging scientific field of study. However, within the framework of national science supris- ingly little empirical work has examined how supportive comu- nication can affect the grieving process. The main objective of this study was to develop a questionnaire which measures the helpfulness of comforting messages received from the social net- work members. In addition to presenting the Bereaved Support Questionnaire, the present study explores the factor structure, as well as the psychometric characteristics of the scale. The second aim of the study is to determine whether the person centeredness of these messages explains their helpfulness. The survey was conducted on a sample of 301 respondents. The results indicate that the Bereaved Support Questionnaire represents a valid and reliable instrument whose composite structure is reflected by five factors: Social support, Minimizing feelings, Providing a religious perspective, Complimenting the deceased/ bereaved and normal- izing feelings, and Offering practical help. The results confirm the expectations that the person centeredness of the five support- ing strategies are related with the participants’ evaluations of the helpfulness of these strategies.
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References
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closing stressful life events and support messages: When cognitive reappra- isal support decreases emotional distress, and emotional support is like saying nothing at all. PLoS ONE, 9(12), 1‒20. doi:10.1371
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Bodie, G. D. (2009). Evaluating listening theory: Development and illustra- tion of five criteria. The International Journal of Listening, 23, 81‒103. doi:10.1080/10904010903014434
Bodie, G. D., & Jones, S. M. (2012). The nature of supporting listening II: The role of verbal person centeredness and nonverbal immediacy. Western Journal of Communication, 76(3), 250‒269. doi:10.1080/10570314.2011.651255
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., & Jones, S. M. (2012). Explaining the relationships among supportive message quality, evaluations, and outcomes: A dual‒pro- cess approach. Communication Monographs, 79(1), 1‒22. doi:10.1080/0363 7751.2011.646491
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., Holmstrom, A. J., McCullough, J. D., Rack, J. J., Hanaso- no, L. K., & Rosier, J. G. (2011). Effects of cognitive complexity and emotional upset on processing supportive messages: Two tests of a dual‒process theory of supportive communication outcomes. Human Communication Research, 37, 350‒376. doi:10.1111/j.1468‒2958.2011.01405.x
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., Rosier, J. G., McCullough, J. D., Holmstrom, A. J., Rack,
J. J., Hanasono, L. K., & Mincy, J. (2010). Explaining the impact of attachment style on evaluations of supportive messages: A dual‒process framework. Communication Research, 38(2), 228‒247. doi:10.1177/0093650210362678 Bodie, G. D., Jones, S. M., Vickery, A. J., Hatcher, L., & Cannava, K. (2014). Examining the construct validity of enacted support: A multitrait‒multimethod analysis
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81(4), 495‒523. doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.957223
Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., & McDevitt‒Murphy, M. E. (2010). African American homicide bereavement: Aspects of social support that predict complicated grief, PTSD, and depression. OMEGA, 61(1), 1‒24. doi:10.2190/OM.61.1.a
Burleson, B. R. (1982). The development of comforting communication skills in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 53, 1578‒1588. doi:10.2307/1130086
Burleson, B. R., & Samter, W. (1985). Consistencies in theoretical and naive evalu- ations of comforting messages. Communication Monographs, 52, 103‒123. doi:10.1080/03637758509376099
Burleson, B. R., Hanasono, L. K., Bodie, G. D., Holmstrom, A. J., Rack, J. J., Rosier, J. G., & McCullough, J. D. (2009). Explaining gender differences in responses to supportive messages: Two tests of a dual‒process approach. Sex Roles, 61, 265‒280. doi:10.1007/s11199‒009‒9623‒7
Burleson, B. R., Hanasono, L. K., Bodie, G. D., Holmstrom, A. J., McCullough, J. D. Rack,
J. J., &, Rosier, J. G. (2011). Are gender differences in responces to supportive communication a matter of ability, motivation, or both? Reading patterns of situation effects through the lens of a dual‒process theory. Communication Quarterly, 59(1), 37‒60. doi:10.1080/01463373.2011.541324
Hogan, N. S., & DeSantis, L. (1994). Things that help and hinder adolescent si- bling bereavement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 16, 132‒153. doi:10.1177/019394599401600202
Holgado–Tello, E. P., Chacón–Moscoso, S., Barbero–García, I., & Vila–Abad, E. (2012). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirma- tory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity, 44(1), 153–166. doi:10.1007/s11135‒008‒9190‒y
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the numbers of factors in factor analysis.
Psychometrika, 30, 179‒185. doi:10.1007/BF02289447
Jones, S. M., & Wirtz, J. G. (2006). How does the comforting process work? An em- pirical test of an appraisal‒based model of comforting. Human Communicati- on Research, 32, 217‒243. doi:10.1111/j.1468‒2958.2006.00274.x
Knežević, G. i Momirović, K. (1996). RTT9G, program za analizu metrijskih karak- teristika kompozitnih mernih instrumenata. U P. Kostić (Ur.), Problemi mere- nja u psihologiji, 2 (str. 37‒56). Beograd: Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja.
Kunkel, A. (2002). Explaining sex differences in the evaluation of comforting massages: The mediating role of interaction goals. Communication Reports, 15(1), 29‒42. doi:10.1080/08934210209367750
Lehman, D. R., Ellard, J. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1986). Social support for the be- reaved: Recipients’ and providers’ perspectives on what is helpful. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 438‒446. doi:10.1037/0022‒ 006X.54.4.438
Logan, E. L., Thornton, J. A., & Breen, L. J. (2018). What determines supportive behaviours following bereavement? A systematic review and call to action. Death Studies, 42(2), 104‒114. doi:10.1080/07481187
Marwit, S. J., & Carusa, S. S. (1998). Communicated support following loss: Exami- ning the experiences of parental death and parental divorce in adolescence. Death Studies, 22, 237‒255. doi:10.1080/074811898201579
Rack, J. J., Burleson, B. R., Bodie, G.D., Holmstrom, A. J., & Servaty‒Seib, H. (2008). Bereaved adults’ evaluations of grief management messages: Effects of me- ssage person centeredness, recipient individual differences, and contextual factors. Death Studies, 32, 399‒427. doi:10.1080/07481180802006711
Samter, W. (2002). How gender and cognitive complexity influence the provisi- on of emotional support: A study of indirect effects. Communication Reports, 15(1), 5‒16. doi:10.1080/08934210209367748
Servaty‒Seib, H. L., & Burleson, B. R. (2007). Bereaved adolescents’ evalua- tions of the helpfulness of support‒intended statements: Associations with person centeredness and demographic, personality, and contextu- al factors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(2), 207‒223. doi:10.1177/0265407507075411
Simonsen, G., & Cooper, M. (2015). Helpful aspects of bereavement counselling: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 15(2), 119‒127. doi:10.1002/capr.12000
Subotić, S. (2013). Pregled metoda za utvrđivanje broja faktora i komponenti (u EFA i PCA). Primenjena psihologija, 6(3), 203‒229.
Tedrick Parikh, S. J., & Servati‒Seib, H. L. (2011). College students’ beliefs about supporting a grieving peer. Death Studies, 37, 653‒669. doi:10.1080/074811 87.2012.684834
Winters, M., & Waltman, M. S. (1997). Feminine gender identity and interperso- nal cognitive differentiation as correlates of person‒centered comforting. Communication Reports, 10(2), 123‒132. doi:10.1080/08934219709367668 Worden, J. W. (2005). Savjetovanje i terapija u tugovanju. Jastrebarsko: Naklada
Slap.
Arambašić, L. (2005). Gubitak, tugovanje, podrška. Jastrebarsko: Naklada Slap. Batenburg, A., & Das, E. (2014). An experimental study on the effectiveness of dis-
closing stressful life events and support messages: When cognitive reappra- isal support decreases emotional distress, and emotional support is like saying nothing at all. PLoS ONE, 9(12), 1‒20. doi:10.1371
Bath, D. M. (2009). Predicting social support for grieving persons: A the- ory of planned behavior perspective. Death Studies, 33, 869‒889. doi:10.1080/07481180903251547
Beli‒Genc, J. i Ninković, S. (2011). Dem Tod ein schönes Gesicht zaubern. Von Eu- phemismen im Bereich des Todes. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, XXXVI‒1, 23‒31.
Bippus, A. M. (2011). Recipients’ criteria for evaluating the skillfulness of comfor- ting communication and the outcomes of comforting interactions. Communi- cation Monographs, 68(3), 301‒313. doi:10.1080/03637750128064
Bodie, G. D. (2009). Evaluating listening theory: Development and illustra- tion of five criteria. The International Journal of Listening, 23, 81‒103. doi:10.1080/10904010903014434
Bodie, G. D., & Jones, S. M. (2012). The nature of supporting listening II: The role of verbal person centeredness and nonverbal immediacy. Western Journal of Communication, 76(3), 250‒269. doi:10.1080/10570314.2011.651255
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., & Jones, S. M. (2012). Explaining the relationships among supportive message quality, evaluations, and outcomes: A dual‒pro- cess approach. Communication Monographs, 79(1), 1‒22. doi:10.1080/0363 7751.2011.646491
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., Holmstrom, A. J., McCullough, J. D., Rack, J. J., Hanaso- no, L. K., & Rosier, J. G. (2011). Effects of cognitive complexity and emotional upset on processing supportive messages: Two tests of a dual‒process theory of supportive communication outcomes. Human Communication Research, 37, 350‒376. doi:10.1111/j.1468‒2958.2011.01405.x
Bodie, G. D., Burleson, B. R., Rosier, J. G., McCullough, J. D., Holmstrom, A. J., Rack,
J. J., Hanasono, L. K., & Mincy, J. (2010). Explaining the impact of attachment style on evaluations of supportive messages: A dual‒process framework. Communication Research, 38(2), 228‒247. doi:10.1177/0093650210362678 Bodie, G. D., Jones, S. M., Vickery, A. J., Hatcher, L., & Cannava, K. (2014). Examining the construct validity of enacted support: A multitrait‒multimethod analysis
for judging immediacy and listening behaviors. Communication Monographs,
81(4), 495‒523. doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.957223
Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., & McDevitt‒Murphy, M. E. (2010). African American homicide bereavement: Aspects of social support that predict complicated grief, PTSD, and depression. OMEGA, 61(1), 1‒24. doi:10.2190/OM.61.1.a
Burleson, B. R. (1982). The development of comforting communication skills in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 53, 1578‒1588. doi:10.2307/1130086
Burleson, B. R., & Samter, W. (1985). Consistencies in theoretical and naive evalu- ations of comforting messages. Communication Monographs, 52, 103‒123. doi:10.1080/03637758509376099
Burleson, B. R., Hanasono, L. K., Bodie, G. D., Holmstrom, A. J., Rack, J. J., Rosier, J. G., & McCullough, J. D. (2009). Explaining gender differences in responses to supportive messages: Two tests of a dual‒process approach. Sex Roles, 61, 265‒280. doi:10.1007/s11199‒009‒9623‒7
Burleson, B. R., Hanasono, L. K., Bodie, G. D., Holmstrom, A. J., McCullough, J. D. Rack,
J. J., &, Rosier, J. G. (2011). Are gender differences in responces to supportive communication a matter of ability, motivation, or both? Reading patterns of situation effects through the lens of a dual‒process theory. Communication Quarterly, 59(1), 37‒60. doi:10.1080/01463373.2011.541324
Hogan, N. S., & DeSantis, L. (1994). Things that help and hinder adolescent si- bling bereavement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 16, 132‒153. doi:10.1177/019394599401600202
Holgado–Tello, E. P., Chacón–Moscoso, S., Barbero–García, I., & Vila–Abad, E. (2012). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirma- tory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity, 44(1), 153–166. doi:10.1007/s11135‒008‒9190‒y
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the numbers of factors in factor analysis.
Psychometrika, 30, 179‒185. doi:10.1007/BF02289447
Jones, S. M., & Wirtz, J. G. (2006). How does the comforting process work? An em- pirical test of an appraisal‒based model of comforting. Human Communicati- on Research, 32, 217‒243. doi:10.1111/j.1468‒2958.2006.00274.x
Knežević, G. i Momirović, K. (1996). RTT9G, program za analizu metrijskih karak- teristika kompozitnih mernih instrumenata. U P. Kostić (Ur.), Problemi mere- nja u psihologiji, 2 (str. 37‒56). Beograd: Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja.
Kunkel, A. (2002). Explaining sex differences in the evaluation of comforting massages: The mediating role of interaction goals. Communication Reports, 15(1), 29‒42. doi:10.1080/08934210209367750
Lehman, D. R., Ellard, J. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1986). Social support for the be- reaved: Recipients’ and providers’ perspectives on what is helpful. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 438‒446. doi:10.1037/0022‒ 006X.54.4.438
Logan, E. L., Thornton, J. A., & Breen, L. J. (2018). What determines supportive behaviours following bereavement? A systematic review and call to action. Death Studies, 42(2), 104‒114. doi:10.1080/07481187
Marwit, S. J., & Carusa, S. S. (1998). Communicated support following loss: Exami- ning the experiences of parental death and parental divorce in adolescence. Death Studies, 22, 237‒255. doi:10.1080/074811898201579
Rack, J. J., Burleson, B. R., Bodie, G.D., Holmstrom, A. J., & Servaty‒Seib, H. (2008). Bereaved adults’ evaluations of grief management messages: Effects of me- ssage person centeredness, recipient individual differences, and contextual factors. Death Studies, 32, 399‒427. doi:10.1080/07481180802006711
Samter, W. (2002). How gender and cognitive complexity influence the provisi- on of emotional support: A study of indirect effects. Communication Reports, 15(1), 5‒16. doi:10.1080/08934210209367748
Servaty‒Seib, H. L., & Burleson, B. R. (2007). Bereaved adolescents’ evalua- tions of the helpfulness of support‒intended statements: Associations with person centeredness and demographic, personality, and contextu- al factors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(2), 207‒223. doi:10.1177/0265407507075411
Simonsen, G., & Cooper, M. (2015). Helpful aspects of bereavement counselling: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 15(2), 119‒127. doi:10.1002/capr.12000
Subotić, S. (2013). Pregled metoda za utvrđivanje broja faktora i komponenti (u EFA i PCA). Primenjena psihologija, 6(3), 203‒229.
Tedrick Parikh, S. J., & Servati‒Seib, H. L. (2011). College students’ beliefs about supporting a grieving peer. Death Studies, 37, 653‒669. doi:10.1080/074811 87.2012.684834
Winters, M., & Waltman, M. S. (1997). Feminine gender identity and interperso- nal cognitive differentiation as correlates of person‒centered comforting. Communication Reports, 10(2), 123‒132. doi:10.1080/08934219709367668 Worden, J. W. (2005). Savjetovanje i terapija u tugovanju. Jastrebarsko: Naklada
Slap.
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Published
25.09.2018
How to Cite
Genc, A., Pekić, J., Rajić, I., & Obradović, J. (2018). BEREAVED SUPPORT QUESTIONNAIRE: DEVELOPMENT, FACTOR STRUCTURE AND METRIC CHARACTERISTICS. Primenjena Psihologija, 11(3), 259–284. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.3.259-284
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