MOTIVACIJA I EMPATIJA KAO KORELATI POMAGAČKOG PONAŠANJA TOKOM POPLAVA U SRBIJI 2014. GODINE

Jovana Trbojević; Biljana Otašević; Dušanka Mitrović

doi:10.19090/pp.2015.3.227-244

Authors

Jovana Trbojević Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad
Biljana Otašević Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad
Dušanka Mitrović Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2015.3.227-244

Keywords:

helping behavior, motivation, empathy, floods, functional theory of motivation, empathic paradox

Abstract

Helping behavior is a type of prosocial behaviors. Researchers are mainly interested in motivation behind helping. Hence, this paper examines helping behaviors during floods in Serbia, with motivation and empathy as correlates of the level of helping behaviors. The sample consisted of 204 individuals who helped during the flood (61.3% females), average age of 29.7 years. In June and August of 2014th, the participants completed questionnaires about the ways and the level of helping behaviors, a modified Volunteer Functions Inventory and the Assessment of Readiness for Empathy. Guided by the Functional Theory of Motivation, which distinguishes six motives for helping, we conducted a univariate analysis of covariance with all of the six motives and four subtypes of empathy as continues predictors and gender as a categorical predictor of the level of helping behaviors. The results show that this predictive model explains 30% of helping behaviors. Significant predictors were Understanding motive, Social motive, and Empathy with negative emotional states, while gender did not have a significant contribution. Motivation to help people in order to get to know the world and one’s abilities, to better understand the people and to enhance one’s social interaction, indicates the existence of both egoistic and altruistic motivation for helping during floods. During this crisis a relevant role in helping had an empathic paradox. Our results indicate simultaneous existence of a large number of motives as well as the role of empathy in helping behaviors. Practical implications of the results, as related to a better selection of people willing to help in time of crisis, were discussed.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Alessandri, G., Caprara, G. V., Eisenberg, N., & Steca, P. (2009). Reciprocal relations among self-efficacy beliefs and prosociality across time. Journal of Personality, 77, 1229–1259.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00580.x

Allison, L. D., Okun, M. A., & Dutridge, K. S. (2002). Assessing volunteer motives: A comparison of an open ended probe and Likert rating scales. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 243-255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.677

Argothy, V. (2003). Framing volunteerism in a consensus crisis: Mass media coverage of volunteers in the 9/11 response (Preliminary Paper #335). Retrieved from Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware, Newark website: http://udspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/296/PP%20 335.pdf?sequence=1

Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00

Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 65–122). New York: Academic Press.

Batson, C. D. (2008). Empathy-induced altruistic motivation. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Kansas.

Bierhoff, H. W. (2002). Prosocial Behaviour. East Sussex: Psychology Press

Brebrić, Z. (2008). Neke komponente emocionalne inteligencije, školski uspeh, prosocijalno i agresivno ponašanje učenika u primarnom obrazovanju. Napredak, 149(3), 296–311.

Caprara, G. V., & Steca, P. (2005). Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of prosocial behavior conducive to life satisfaction across ages. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 191–217.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.24.2.191.62271

Caprara, G. V., & Steca, P. (2007). Prosocial agency: The contribution of values and self-efficacy beliefs to prosocial behavior across ages. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 220–241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2007.26.2.218

Chapman, J., & Morley, R. (1999). Collegiate service learning. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 18(1), 19‒33.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J005v18n01_03

Cialdini, R. B., Kenrick, D. T., & Baumann, D. J. (1982). Effects of mood on prosocial behavior in children and adults. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), The Development of Prosocial Behavior (pp. 339‒359). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-234980-5.50018-3

Clary, E. G., & Orenstein, L. (1991). The amount and effectiveness of help: The relationship of motives and abilities to helping behavior. Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(1), 58–64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167291171009

Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., & Haugen, J. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1516–1530.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516

Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85–104.

Dovidio, J. F., Allen, J. L., & Schroeder, D. A. (1990). The specificity of empathy- induced helping: Evidence for altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 249–260.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.249

Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., Schroeder, D. A., & Penner, L. A. (2006). The Social Psychology of Prosocial Behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91–119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91

Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2007). Prosocial Development. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 646–718). Hoboken, New Jersy: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0311

Eklund, J., Loeb, C., Hansen, E. M., & Andresson-Wallin, A. C. (2012). Who cares about others?: Empathic self-efficacy as an antecedent to prosocial behavior. Curent Research in Social Psychology, 20(3), 31–41.

Findlay, L. C., Girardi, A., & Coplan, R. J. (2006). Links between empathy, social behavior, and social understanding in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 21, 347–359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.07.009

Finkelstien, M. A. (2008). Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivational orientation and the volunteer process. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 653–658.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.010

Fletcher, T. D., & Major, D. A. (2004). Medical students' motivations to volunteer: An examination of the nature of gender differences. Sex Roles, 51, 109‒114.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000032319.78926.54

Foa, U. G., & Foa, E. B. (1975). Resource theory of social exchange. Morrisontown, NJ: General Learning Press.

Freeman, R. B. (1997). Working for nothing: The supply of Volunteer labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 15, 140‒166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209859

Genc, A., Mitrović, D. i Čolović, P. (2010). Procena spremnosti za empatiju. U M. Biro, S. Smederevac i Z. Novović (Ur.), Procena psiholoških i psihopatoloških fenomena (str. 141–151). Beograd: Centar za primenjenu psihologiju.

Halpern, E. (1974). Volunteering in times of community crises: An integration within Caplan's theory of support systems. Psychologie canadienne Canadian Psychologist, 15, 242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0081757

Hoffman, M. L. (2008). Empathy and prosocial Behavior. In M. D. Lewis, M. J. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrnett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 440–455). New York: The Guiford Press.

Hoffman, M. L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg-Berg (Ed.), Development of prosocial behavior (pp. 281–313). New York: Academic Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-234980-5.50016-X

Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805851

Hustinx, L., Cnaan, R. A., & Handy, F. (2010). Navigating theories of volunteering: A hybrid map for a complex phenomenon. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 40, 410‒434.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2010.00439.x

Iverson, E. (2010). Helping others helps me: Prosocial behavior as a function of identity development and self-regulation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Gustavus Undergraduate Psychology, 6, 1–36.

Joksimović, S. D. (1994). Oblici prosocijalnog ponašanja mladih. Zbornik Instituta za pedagoška istraživanja, 26, 34–50.

Miller, P. A, Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Shell, R. (1996). Relations of moral reasoning and vicarious emotion to young children's prosocial behavior toward peers and adults. Developmental Psychology, 32, 210–219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.210

Miočinović, Lj. (2004). Moralni razvoj i moralno vaspitanje. Beograd: Institut za pedagoška istraživanja.

O'Brien, P. W., & Mileti, D. S. (1992). Citizen participation in emergency response following the Loma Prieta earthquake. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 10, 71–89.

Otašević, B., Trbojević, J. i Mitrović, D. (2015). Motivacija za pružanje pomoći nakon poplava 2014: uloga ličnosti i nacionalnog identiteta. Sociološki pregled, XLVIII, 485–505.

Penner, L. A., & Finkelstein, M. A. (1998). Dispositional and structural determinants of volunteerism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 525–537.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.525

Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365–392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141

Planalp, S., & Trost, M. (2009). Motivations of hospice volunteers. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 26(3), 188–192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909108330030

Pološki Vokić, N., Marić, I. i Horvat, G. (2013). Motivacija za volontiranje – jesu li motivi za volontiranje povezani sa spolom, ličnosti i područjem studiranja? Revija za socijalnu politiku, 20, 225–252.

Prentice, D. A., & Carlsmith, K. M. (2000). Opinions and personality: On the psychological functions of attitudes and other valued possessions. In G. R. Maio & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate functions of attitudes (pp. 223- 248). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Schaffer, H. R. (1996). Social development: An introduction. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Stürmer, S., Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2005). Prosocial emotions and helping: The Moderating role of group membership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 532–546.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.532

Stürmer, S., Snyder, M., Kropp, A., & Seim, B. (2006). Empathy-motivated helping: The moderating role of group membership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 943–956.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167206287363

Switzer, C. L., Switzer, G. E., Stukas, A. A., & Baker, C. E. (1999). Medical student motivations to volunteer: Gender differences and comparisons to other volunteers. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 18, 53‒64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J005v18n01_05

Switzer, G. E., Simmons, R. G., Dew, M. A., Regalski, J. M., & Wang, C. (1995). The effect of a school-based helper program on adolescent self-image, attidues, and behavior. Journal of Early Adolescence, 15, 429–455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431695015004003

Widjaja, E. (2010). Motivation behind volunteerism (CMC Senior Theses Paper 4, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA). Retrived from http:// scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/4

Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 215–240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.215

Zrinščak, S., Lakoš, I., Handy, F., Cnaan, R., Brudney, J. L., Haski-Leventhal, D., Yamauchi, N. (2012). Volontiranje studenata u Zagrebu u komparativnom kontekstu. Revija za socijalnu politiku, 19, 25–48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v19i1.1039