Latent structure and measurement invariance by gender of the Embodied Image Scale

Marija  Volarov; Bojan  Janičić; Stanislava Popov; Vesna  Barzut

doi:10.19090/pp.v17i1.2483

Autori

Marija Volarov Department of Psychology, Faculty of Sport and Psychology, Educons University, Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8451-6113
Bojan Janičić Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0202-8141
Stanislava Popov Department of Psychology, Faculty of Sport and Psychology, Educons University, Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6156-9538
Vesna Barzut Faculty of Health, Legal and Business Studies, Singidunum University, Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2585-2325

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.v17i1.2483

Ključne reči:

embodied image scale, aesthetic body image, functional body image, measurement invariance

Apstrakt

Body image is a multidimensional construct that includes both aesthetic (how our body looks) and functional components (what our body can do physically). Our study aimed to investigate latent structure and measurement invariance (MI) by gender of the Serbian translation of Embodied Image Scale using a large sample of adults from the general population (N = 1035; M = 26.33, SD = 9.94; 66.7% females). The Embodied Image Scale (EIS) incorporates aesthetic and functional body image. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, the following five factors described the latent structure of the EIS the best: functional investment (FI), functional values (FV), functional satisfaction (FS), aesthetic satisfaction (AS), and aesthetic values and investment (AVI). The results of the MI suggested that the EIS achieved the strict (residual) level of invariance. In addition, the convergent validity of the EIS was tested by correlating the EIS scores with positive and negative mental health indicators. The results suggested that FV, FI, FS, and AS had a positive correlation with positive affect and unconditional self-acceptance (USA), FS and AS correlated negatively with negative affect (NA), symptoms of depression (D), and conditional self-acceptance (CSA), while the AVI had a positive correlation with NA, CSA, D, and negative correlation with USA. Finally, we compared physically inactive participants, recreationists, and active athletes on the EIS scores. The results revealed that all groups differed in FV, FS, and AS in a way that scores on these subscales increased with increased physical activity.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Reference

Abbott, B. D., & Barber, B. L. (2011). Differences in functional and aesthetic body image between sedentary girls and girls involved in sports and physical activity: Does sport type make a difference? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(3), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.10.005

Abbott, B. D., & Barber, B. L. (2010). Embodied image: Gender differences in functional and aesthetic body image among Australian adolescents. Body Image, 7(1), 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.10.004

Allen, C. P., Telford, R. M., Richard, D. T., & Olive, L. S. (2019). Sport, physical activity and physical education experiences: Associations with functional body image in children. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101572

Alleva, J. M., Tylka, T. L., & Kroon Van Diest, A. M. (2017). The Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS): Development and psychometric evaluation in U.S. community women and men. Body Image, 23, 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.008

Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., & Clark, L. (2016a). Positive body image and young women’s health: Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption behaviours. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314520814 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314520814

Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., & Clark, L. (2016b). Predictors and health-related outcomes of positive body image in adolescent girls: A prospective study. Developmental Psychology, 52(3), 463–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000095

Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 397–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204

Avalos, L. C., & Tylka, T. L. (2006). Exploring a model of intuitive eating with college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 486-497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.486

Bethlehem, J. (2010). Selection bias in web surveys. International Statistical Review, 78(2), 161–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x

Bowerman, B. L., & O’Connell, R. T. (1990). Linear statistical models: An applied approach (2nd ed.). Duxbury.

Brown, T. A., Cash, T. F., & Mikulka, P. J. (1990). Attitudinal body-image assessment: Factor analysis of the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1990.9674053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5501&2_13

Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.70.1.141

Cash, T. F., Melnyk, S. E., & Hrabosky, J. I. (2004). The assessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of the Appearance Schemas Inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10264

Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

Cohane, G., & Pope, H. (2001). Body image in boys: a review of the literature. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(4), 373-379. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.1033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.1033

Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Finne, E., Bucksch, J., Lampert, T., & Kolip, P. (2011). Age, puberty, body dissatisfaction, and physical activity decline in adolescents. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (KiGGS). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8:119. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-119

Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x

Greenleaf, C., Boyer, E. M., & Petrie, T. A. (2009). High school sport participation and subsequent psychological well-being and physical activity: The mediating influence of body image, physical competence, and instrumentality. Sex Roles, 61(9-10), 714-726.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9671-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9671-z

Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.2307/2007941 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2007941

Halliwell, E. (2013). The impact of thin idealized media images on body satisfaction: Does body appreciation protect women from negative effects? Body Image, 10(4), 509–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.07.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.07.004

Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequential rejective method procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6, 65-70.

Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Jarek, S. (2012). mvnormtest: Normality Test for Multivariate Variables. R package version 0.1-9.

Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005). Dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and psychological distress: a prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.119

Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2022). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5-6. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools

Jovanović, V., Gavrilov-Jerković, V., Žuljević, D., & Brdarić, D. (2014). Psychometric evaluation of the depression anxiety stress scales–21 (DASS–21) in a Serbian student sample. Psihologija, 47(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1401093J DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1401093J

Karazsia, B. T., Murnen, S. K., & Tylka, T. L. (2017). Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 293–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000081

Kenny, D. A. (1979). Correlation and causality. Wiley.

Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.

Korkmaz, S., Goksuluk, D., & Zararsiz, G. (2014). MVN: An R Package for Assessing Multivariate Normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151–162. https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2014-2/korkmaz-goksuluk-zararsiz.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2014-031

Lemon, S. C., Rosal, M. C., Zapka, J., Borg, A., & Andersen, V. (2009). Contributions of weight perceptions to weight loss attempts: Differences by body mass index and gender. Body Image, 6, 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.11.004

Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: an integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700

Myers, R. (1990). Classical and modern regression with applications (2nd ed.). Duxbury.

McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Body image and strategies to lose weight and increase muscle among boys and girls. Health Psychology, 22(1), 39-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.22.1.39

McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x

Mckinley, N. M. (1998). Gender differences in undergraduates' body esteem: The mediating effect of objectified body consciousness and actual/ideal weight discrepancy. Sex Roles, 39(1/2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018834001203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018834001203

Mihić, Lj., Novović, Z., Čolović, P., & Smederevac, S. (2010). Serbian adaptation of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): its facets and second-order structure. Psihologija, 47(4), 393‒414. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1404393M DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1404393M

Mihić, LJ., Volarov, M., Oljača, M., Novović, Z. (2021). The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21: Bifactor Statistical Indices in Support of the Total and Depression scores. Psihologija, 54(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI191227025M DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI191227025M

Pesa, J., Syre, T., & Jones, E. (2000). Psychosocial differences associated with body weight among female adolescents: the importance of body image. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 26(5), 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00118-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00118-4

Peat, C. M., Peyerl, N. L., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2008). Body image and eating disorders in older adults: a review. The Journal of General Psychology, 135(4), 343-358. https://doi.org/10.3200/GENP.135.4.343-358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/GENP.135.4.343-358

Popov, S., & Sokić, J. (2022). Psychometric Characteristics of a Serbian Translation of Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire and Development of a Short Form. Psihologija, 55(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI200820005P DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI200820005P

Pritchard, M., & Cramblitt, B. (2014). Media influence on drive for thinness and drive for muscularity. Sex Roles, 71, 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0397-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0397-1

R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https:// www.R- proje ct. org/

Revelle, W. (2018). psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych

Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02

Smolak, L., & Cash, T. F. (2011). Future challenges for body image science, practice, and prevention. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 471–478). The Guilford Press.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.

Tylka, T. L. & Hill, M. S. (2004). Objectification theory as it relates to disordered eating among college women. Sex Roles, 51(11-12), 719-730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-004-0721-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-004-0721-2

Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001

Tiwari, G. K. (2014). Body image satisfaction enhances self-esteem. Vaichariki IV(4), 7-11.

Vally, Z., D'Souza, C. G., Habeeb, H., & Bensumaidea, B. M. (2019). The factor structure and psychometric properties of an Arabic‐translated version of the Body Appreciation Scale‐2. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 55(3), 373-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12312

van Zyl, L. E., & ten Klooster, P. M. (2022). Exploratory structural equation modeling: Practical guidelines and tutorial with a convenient online tool for Mplus. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 795672. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.795672 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.795672

Vartanian, L. R. (2009). When the body defines the self: Self-concept clarity, internalization, and body image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 94–126. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.94 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.94

Vartanian, L. R., & Dey, S. (2013). Self-concept clarity, thin-ideal internalization, and appearance-related social comparison as predictors of body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10(4), 495–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.05.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.05.004

Wang, S. B., Haynos, A. F., Wall, M. M., Chen, C., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2019). Fifteen-year prevalence, trajectories, and predictors of body dissatisfaction from adolescence to middle adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1403-1415. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619859331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619859331

Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form. Unpublished manuscript. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17077/48vt-m4t2

Wei, B., Klimek, P., Pennesi, J. L., & Blashill, A. J. (2021). Perceptual and attitudinal body image, disordered eating, and muscle-building behavior in college men. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22, 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000290