KOMPLEKSNOST I INKLUZIVNOST SOCIJALNOG IDENTITETA KAO POSREDNICI UTICAJA SOCIJALNE NORME NA ODNOS PREMA NEPRIPADNIČKIM GRUPAMA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.2.263-281Ključne reči:
međugrupni odnosi, socijalni identitet, socijalne norme, stavovi prema nepripadničkim grupamaApstrakt
U ovoj studiji ispitivali smo prediktivnu moć kompleksnosti i inkluzivnosti socijalnog identiteta u odnosu na stavove prema nepripadničkim grupama, uticaj socijalne norme na kompleksnost i inkluzivnost identiteta, kao i medijatorsku ulogu kompleksnosti i inkluzivnosti u odnosu između socijalne norme i stavova prema drugim grupama. Kompleksnost socijalnog identiteta referiše na subjektivni doživljaj preklapanja sopstvenih grupa, dok inkluzivnost predstavlja meru identifikacije sa ljudima na osnovu socijalnih identiteta. Korišćene su nacionalna (građani Srbije/građani Hrvatske), etnička (Srbi/Hrvati) i religijska grupa (pravoslavci/katolici). Uzorak je činilo 153 ljudi (36% muškaraca) prosečnog uzrasta 26 godina. Rezultati pokazuju da je inkluzivnost, ali ne i kompleksnost, snažan prediktor prihvatanja pripadnika drugih grupa, merenog preko termometra osećanja i skale socijalne distance. U eksperimentalnoj fazi studije, pokušali smo da ispitanicima sa manjom spremnošću za prihvatanje pripadnika drugih grupa (N = 40) prezentovanjem grupne norme promenimo stavove i ispitamo da li u tome posreduje promena u doživljaju granica svojih socijalnih identiteta (kompleksnost i inkluzivnost). Izlaganje deskriptivnoj grupnoj normi, datoj u vidu fiktivnog izveštaja sa naučnog istraživanja, dovelo je do većeg prihvatanja tuđih grupa, ali i neočekivano smanjilo kompleksnost socijalnog identiteta. Moguće je da je način na koji smo plasirali informaciju o grupnoj normi narušio osećaj jedinstvenosti grupe ispitanika, te su oni pribegavali jednostavnijim strukturama identiteta. Predložili smo da se u budućim istraživanjima koriste intervencije koje bi specifičnije ciljale na promene u identitetskoj kompleksnosti i inkluzivnosti, kao i da se porede iste intervencije na različitim grupama.
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Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_01
Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Tausch, N., Cairns, E., & Hughes, J. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of social identity complexity: Intergroup contact, distinctiveness threat, and outgroup attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(8), 1085–1098. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209337037
Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, deconstructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science, 18(5), 429–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9280.2007.01917.x
Sechrist, G. B., & Stangor, C. (2001). Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(4), 645–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.80.4.645
Sherif, M. (1958). Group influences upon the formation of norms and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb, & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology, 3rd Edition (pp. 219–232). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Stangor, C., Sechrist, G. B., & Jost, J. T. (2001). Changing racial beliefs by providing consensus information. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 27(4), 484–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201274009
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Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The Social Identity Theory of inter–group behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 7–24). Hall Publishers.
Turjačanin, V., Dušanić, S. i Lakić, S. (2017). Složeni socijalni identiteti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Filozofski fakultet u Banjoj Luci.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J. Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A Self–Categorization Theory. Blackwell.
Van Dommelen, A., Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Gonsalkorale, K., & Brewer, M. B. (2015). Construing multiple ingroups: Assesing social identity inclusiveness and structure in ethnic and religious minority group members. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 386–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2095
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2012). Social identity complexity and immigrants' attitude toward the host nation: The intersection of ethnic and religious group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(9), 1165–1177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212446164
Wilcox, C., Sigelman, L., & Cook, E. (1989). Some like it hot: Individual differences in responses to group feeling thermometers. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53(2), 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1086/269505
Branković, M., Pavlović, M., Žeželj, I., Vladisavljević, M., Jovanović O., & Petrović, N. (2015). Social identity complexity and inclusiveness as predictors of intergroup emotions. Primenjena psihologija, 8(4), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2015.4.363–378
Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167291175001
Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022–4537.00126
Brewer, M. B. (2010). Social identity complexity and acceptance of diversity. In R. J. Crisp (Ed.), The Psychology of Social and Cultural Diversity. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444325447.ch2
Brewer, M. B., Gonsalkorale, K., & van Dommelen, A. (2013). Social identity complexity: Comparing majority and minority ethnic group members in multicultural society. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 16(5), 529–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212468622
Brewer, M. B., & Pierce, K. P. (2005). Social identity complexity and outgroup tolerance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 428–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271710
Cialdini, R. B. (2007). Descriptive social norms as underappreciated sources of social control. Psychometrika, 72(2), 263–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336–006–1560–6
Cialdini, R. B., Demaine, L. J., Sagarin, B. J., Barrett, D. W., Rhoads, K., & Winter, P. L. (2006). Managing social norms for persuasive impact. Social Influence, 1(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510500181459
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.58.6.1015
Đurić, V., Tanasković, D., Vukmirović, D. i Lađević, P. (2014). Etnokonfesionalni i jezički mozaik Srbije. Republički zavod za statistiku.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7 (2), 117–140.
Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., Turner, J. C., Reynolds, K. J., & Eggins, R. A. (1996). Stereotyping and social influence: The mediation of stereotype applicability and sharedness by the views of in–group and out–group members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35(3), 369–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044–8309.1996.tb01103.x
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self–categorization, and communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468–2885.2006.00003.x
Levy, A., Saguy, T., van Zomeren, M., & Halperin, E. (2017). Ingroups, outgroups, and the gateway groups between: The potential of dual identities to improve intergroup relations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.011
Levy, A., Žeželj, I., Branković, M., Dušanić, S., Van Zomeren, M., Saguy, T., & Halperin, E. (2019). Complex Social Identities and Intergroup Relations: Gateway Groups in the Western Balkans. Social Psychology, 50(3), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864–9335/a000379
McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined? It depends upon who's asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200278102500401
Miller, K. P., Brewer, M. B., & Arbuckle, N. L. (2009). Social identity complexity: Its correlates and antecedents. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 12(1), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430208098778
Pratto, F., Žeželj, I., Maloku, E., Turjačanin, V., & Branković, M. (Eds.) (2017). Shaping Social Identities After Violent Conflict: Youth in the Western Balkans. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–3–319–62021–3
Reicher, S., Spears, R., & Haslam, S. A. (2010). The social identity approach in social psychology. In M. S. Wetherell & C. T. Mohanty (Eds.), The sage hadbook of identities (pp. 45–62). Sage.
Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_01
Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Tausch, N., Cairns, E., & Hughes, J. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of social identity complexity: Intergroup contact, distinctiveness threat, and outgroup attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(8), 1085–1098. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209337037
Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, deconstructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science, 18(5), 429–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9280.2007.01917.x
Sechrist, G. B., & Stangor, C. (2001). Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(4), 645–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.80.4.645
Sherif, M. (1958). Group influences upon the formation of norms and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb, & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology, 3rd Edition (pp. 219–232). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Stangor, C., Sechrist, G. B., & Jost, J. T. (2001). Changing racial beliefs by providing consensus information. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 27(4), 484–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201274009
Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories. Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The Social Identity Theory of inter–group behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 7–24). Hall Publishers.
Turjačanin, V., Dušanić, S. i Lakić, S. (2017). Složeni socijalni identiteti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Filozofski fakultet u Banjoj Luci.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J. Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A Self–Categorization Theory. Blackwell.
Van Dommelen, A., Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Gonsalkorale, K., & Brewer, M. B. (2015). Construing multiple ingroups: Assesing social identity inclusiveness and structure in ethnic and religious minority group members. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 386–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2095
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2012). Social identity complexity and immigrants' attitude toward the host nation: The intersection of ethnic and religious group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(9), 1165–1177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212446164
Wilcox, C., Sigelman, L., & Cook, E. (1989). Some like it hot: Individual differences in responses to group feeling thermometers. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53(2), 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1086/269505
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Đorđević, A. (2020). KOMPLEKSNOST I INKLUZIVNOST SOCIJALNOG IDENTITETA KAO POSREDNICI UTICAJA SOCIJALNE NORME NA ODNOS PREMA NEPRIPADNIČKIM GRUPAMA. Primenjena Psihologija, 13(2), 263–281. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.2.263-281
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