VARANJE U AKADEMSKOM OKRUŽENJU - ULOGA MRAČNIH OSOBINA LIČNOSTI, STAVOVA O VARANJU I MORALNOG RASUĐIVANJA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.2.243-262Ključne reči:
mračne osobine ličnosti, moralno rasuđivanje, stavovi prema varanju, varanjeApstrakt
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati doprinos mračnih osobina ličnosti, moralnog rasuđivanja i stavova prema varanju čestini varanja u akademskom okruženju. U istraživanju su sudjelovali studenti tri fakulteta u Osijeku (N = 331). Korišteni su Test moralnog rasuđivanja, Kratka skala mračne trijade, Upitnik sadističkih tendencija, te modificirana Skala varanja u školi. Utvrđene su rodne razlike u iskazanoj čestini lakših oblika varanja, pri čemu su muškarci bili skloniji ovoj vrsti varanja. Značajnim prediktorima lakših oblika varanja pokazali su se psihopatija i pozitivni stavovi prema lakšim oblicima varanja, a značajnim prediktorima težih oblika varanja vrsta fakulteta, sadizam te stavovi prema težim oblicima varanja. Stavovi prema lakšim, odnosno težim oblicima varanja pokazali su se najsnažnijim prediktorima i lakših i težih oblika varanja u akademskom okruženju.
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Abdolmohammadi, M. J., & Baker, C. R. (2007). The relationship between moral reasoning and plagiarism in accounting courses: A replication study. Issues in Accounting Education, 22(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.2308/iace.2007.22.1.45
Ameen, E., Guffey, D., & McMillan, J. (1996). Gender differences in determining the ethical sensitivity of future accounting professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(5), 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381934
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022–3514.51.6.1173
Berk, L. E. (2008). Psihologija cjeloživotnog razvoja. Naklada Slap.
Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: a critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033–2909.88.1.1
Book, A., Visser, B. A., Blais, J., Hosker–Field, A., Methot–Jones, T., Gauthier, N. Y., & D'Agata, M. T. (2016). Unpacking more “evil”: What is at the core of the dark tetrad?. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.009
Bulut, T. (2017). The concept of sadism in the current empirical literature. Zbornik Instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, 1(36), 23–41.
Cummings, R., Maddux, C. D., Harlow, S., & Dyas, L. (2002). Academic misconduct in undergraduate teacher education students and its relationship to their principled moral reasoning. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 29(4), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312038001143
Farkas, D., & Orosz, D (2012). Why Hungarian high school students cheat? Practice and
Theory in Systems of Education, 7(3), 279–292.
Graham, M. A., J. Monday, O’Brien, K., & Steffen, S. (1994). Cheating at Small Colleges: An Examination of Student and Faculty Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of College Student Development, 35(4), 255–260.
Hrabak, M., Vujaklija, A., Vodopivec, I., Hren, D., Marušić, M. i Marušić, A. (2004). Academic misconduct among medical students in a post–communist country. Medical Education, 38(1), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2923.2004.01766.x
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Czarna, A. Z. (2013). Quick and dirty: Some psychosocial costs associated with the Dark Triad in three countries. Evolutionary Psychology, 11(1), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100116
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Teicher, E. A. (2010). Who is James Bond? The Dark Triad as an agentic social style. Individual Differences Research, 8(2), 111–120.
Jonason, P. K., Strosser, G. L., Kroll, C. H., Duineveld, J. J., & Baruffi, S. A. (2015). Valuing myself over others: The Dark Triad traits and moral and social values. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.045
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2012). A protean approach to social influence: dark Triad personalities and social influence tactics. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.023
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
Josephson Institute of Ethics (2006, October 15). Report card on the ethics of American youth. Retrieved from http://www.josephsoninstitute.org/reportcard/
King, P. M., & Mayhew, M. J. (2002). Moral judgement development in higher education: Insights from the Defining Issues Test. Journal of Moral Education, 31(3), 247–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022000008106
Kitahara, R., Westfall, F., & Mankelwicz, J. (2011). New, multi–faceted hybrid approaches to ensuring academic integrity. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 3, 1–12.
Lind, G. (2015). Favorable Learning Environments for Moral Competence Development. A Multiple Intervention Study with 3.000 Students in a Higher Education Context. International Journal of University Teaching and Faculty Development, 4(4).
Retreived from: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php ?products_id=53411
Lupton, R. A., Chapman, K. J., & Weiss, J. E. (2000). A cross–national exploration of business students attitudes, perceptions, and tendencies toward academic dishonesty. Journal of Education for Business, 75(4), 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320009599020
Magnus, J. R., Polterovich, V. M., Danilov, D. L., & Savvateev, A. V. (2002). Tolerance of cheating: an analysis across countries. The Journal of Economic Education, 33(2), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220480209596462
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextual influences. The Journal of Higher Education, 64(5), 522–538. https://doi.org/10.2307/2959991
Murdock, T. B., & Stephens, J. M. (2007). Is cheating wrong? Students' reasoning about academic dishonesty. In E. M. Anderman & T. B. Murdock (Eds.), Psychology of academic cheating (pp. 229–251). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978–012372541–7/50014–0
Olivero, N., Greco, A., Annoni, A. M., Steca, P., & Lowry, P. B. (2019). Does opportunity make the thief? Abilities and moral disengagement in illegal downloading. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(12), 1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1583768
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092–6566(02)00505–6
Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Toward a Taxonomy of Dark Personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 421–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547737
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measuring dark personalities via questionnaire. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562–594). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2010–0–68427–6
Pavlin–Bernardić, N., Rovan, D., & Pavlović, J. (2017). Academic Cheating in Mathematics Classes: A Motivational Perspective. Ethics & Behavior, 27(6), 486–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2016.1265891
Plouffe, R. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Smith, M. M. (2017). The assessment of sadistic personality: Preliminary psychometric evidence for a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.043
Proroković, A. (2016). Test moralnog rasuđivanja (TMR). U: Junaković Tucak, I., Burić, I., Ćubela Adorić, V., Proroković, A. i Slišković, A. (Ur.), Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika, Svezak 8 (str. 63–72). Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za psihologiju.
Proroković, A., Nikolić, M. i Šimić, N. (2017). Moral reasoning and its correlates in job applicants. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 68, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1515/aiht–2017–68–2893
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal–components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.54.5.890
Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012). How "dark" are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.020
Rest, J., & Narvaez, D. (1991). The College Experience And Moral Development. In: W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development. Vol 2: Research (pp. 229–245). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sideridis, G. D., Tsaousis, I., & Al Harbi, K. (2016). Predicting Academic Dishonesty on National Examinations: The Roles of Gender, Previous Performance, Examination Center Change, City Change, and Region Change, Ethics & Behavior, 26(3), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2015.1009630
Sanders, C.E., Lubinski, D., & Perrson Benbow, C. (1995). Does the Defining Issues Test measure psychological phenomena distinct from verbal ability?: An examination of Lykken's query, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.69.3.498
Šimić Šašić, S. i Klarin, M. (2009). Varanje u srednjim školama u Hrvatskoj i u Bosni i Hercegovini. Društvena istraživanja, 18(6(104)), 999–1022.
Štambuk, M., Maričić, A. i Hanzec, I. (2015). Cheating is Unacceptable, but... Teachers’ Perceptions of and Reactions to Students’ Cheating at Schools and Universities. Croatian Journal of Education, 17(4), 259–288. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v17i0.1258
Tokić, A., & Nikolić, M. (2017). Moral reasoning among Croatian students of different academic orientations. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(2), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p208–213
Tomašić Humer, J., Babić Čikeš, A., Hajek, D., & Jambrešić, I. (2018). Moral Reasoning and Moral Foundations in the academic context. Mednarodna konferenca EDUvision 2018: Sodobni pristopi poučevanja prihajajočih generacij, 1299–1308.
Trémolière, B., & Djeriouat, H. (2016). The sadistic trait predicts minimization of intention and causal responsibility in moral judgment. Cognition, 146, 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.014
Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.
Wertag, A., Vrselja, I. i Tomić, T. (2011). Provjera konstruktne valjanosti Paulhusovog i Williamsovog (2002) upitnika Mračne trijade D3–27. 19. godišnja konferencija hrvatskih psihologa: Vrijeme sličnosti i razlika – izazov psihologiji i psiholozima (str. 180). Preuzeto sa https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/537948.Poster–Osijek.pdf
Wideman, M. (2008). Academic dishonesty in postsecondary education: A literature review. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching & Learning Journal, 2, 1–12.
Williams, K. M., Nathanson, C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Identifying and profiling scholastic cheaters: Their personality, cognitive ability, and motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 16(3), 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020773
Ameen, E., Guffey, D., & McMillan, J. (1996). Gender differences in determining the ethical sensitivity of future accounting professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(5), 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381934
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022–3514.51.6.1173
Berk, L. E. (2008). Psihologija cjeloživotnog razvoja. Naklada Slap.
Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: a critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033–2909.88.1.1
Book, A., Visser, B. A., Blais, J., Hosker–Field, A., Methot–Jones, T., Gauthier, N. Y., & D'Agata, M. T. (2016). Unpacking more “evil”: What is at the core of the dark tetrad?. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.009
Bulut, T. (2017). The concept of sadism in the current empirical literature. Zbornik Instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, 1(36), 23–41.
Cummings, R., Maddux, C. D., Harlow, S., & Dyas, L. (2002). Academic misconduct in undergraduate teacher education students and its relationship to their principled moral reasoning. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 29(4), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312038001143
Farkas, D., & Orosz, D (2012). Why Hungarian high school students cheat? Practice and
Theory in Systems of Education, 7(3), 279–292.
Graham, M. A., J. Monday, O’Brien, K., & Steffen, S. (1994). Cheating at Small Colleges: An Examination of Student and Faculty Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of College Student Development, 35(4), 255–260.
Hrabak, M., Vujaklija, A., Vodopivec, I., Hren, D., Marušić, M. i Marušić, A. (2004). Academic misconduct among medical students in a post–communist country. Medical Education, 38(1), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2923.2004.01766.x
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Czarna, A. Z. (2013). Quick and dirty: Some psychosocial costs associated with the Dark Triad in three countries. Evolutionary Psychology, 11(1), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100116
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Teicher, E. A. (2010). Who is James Bond? The Dark Triad as an agentic social style. Individual Differences Research, 8(2), 111–120.
Jonason, P. K., Strosser, G. L., Kroll, C. H., Duineveld, J. J., & Baruffi, S. A. (2015). Valuing myself over others: The Dark Triad traits and moral and social values. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.045
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2012). A protean approach to social influence: dark Triad personalities and social influence tactics. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.023
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
Josephson Institute of Ethics (2006, October 15). Report card on the ethics of American youth. Retrieved from http://www.josephsoninstitute.org/reportcard/
King, P. M., & Mayhew, M. J. (2002). Moral judgement development in higher education: Insights from the Defining Issues Test. Journal of Moral Education, 31(3), 247–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022000008106
Kitahara, R., Westfall, F., & Mankelwicz, J. (2011). New, multi–faceted hybrid approaches to ensuring academic integrity. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 3, 1–12.
Lind, G. (2015). Favorable Learning Environments for Moral Competence Development. A Multiple Intervention Study with 3.000 Students in a Higher Education Context. International Journal of University Teaching and Faculty Development, 4(4).
Retreived from: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php ?products_id=53411
Lupton, R. A., Chapman, K. J., & Weiss, J. E. (2000). A cross–national exploration of business students attitudes, perceptions, and tendencies toward academic dishonesty. Journal of Education for Business, 75(4), 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320009599020
Magnus, J. R., Polterovich, V. M., Danilov, D. L., & Savvateev, A. V. (2002). Tolerance of cheating: an analysis across countries. The Journal of Economic Education, 33(2), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220480209596462
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextual influences. The Journal of Higher Education, 64(5), 522–538. https://doi.org/10.2307/2959991
Murdock, T. B., & Stephens, J. M. (2007). Is cheating wrong? Students' reasoning about academic dishonesty. In E. M. Anderman & T. B. Murdock (Eds.), Psychology of academic cheating (pp. 229–251). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978–012372541–7/50014–0
Olivero, N., Greco, A., Annoni, A. M., Steca, P., & Lowry, P. B. (2019). Does opportunity make the thief? Abilities and moral disengagement in illegal downloading. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(12), 1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1583768
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092–6566(02)00505–6
Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Toward a Taxonomy of Dark Personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 421–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547737
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measuring dark personalities via questionnaire. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562–594). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2010–0–68427–6
Pavlin–Bernardić, N., Rovan, D., & Pavlović, J. (2017). Academic Cheating in Mathematics Classes: A Motivational Perspective. Ethics & Behavior, 27(6), 486–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2016.1265891
Plouffe, R. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Smith, M. M. (2017). The assessment of sadistic personality: Preliminary psychometric evidence for a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.043
Proroković, A. (2016). Test moralnog rasuđivanja (TMR). U: Junaković Tucak, I., Burić, I., Ćubela Adorić, V., Proroković, A. i Slišković, A. (Ur.), Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika, Svezak 8 (str. 63–72). Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za psihologiju.
Proroković, A., Nikolić, M. i Šimić, N. (2017). Moral reasoning and its correlates in job applicants. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 68, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1515/aiht–2017–68–2893
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal–components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.54.5.890
Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012). How "dark" are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.020
Rest, J., & Narvaez, D. (1991). The College Experience And Moral Development. In: W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development. Vol 2: Research (pp. 229–245). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sideridis, G. D., Tsaousis, I., & Al Harbi, K. (2016). Predicting Academic Dishonesty on National Examinations: The Roles of Gender, Previous Performance, Examination Center Change, City Change, and Region Change, Ethics & Behavior, 26(3), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2015.1009630
Sanders, C.E., Lubinski, D., & Perrson Benbow, C. (1995). Does the Defining Issues Test measure psychological phenomena distinct from verbal ability?: An examination of Lykken's query, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.69.3.498
Šimić Šašić, S. i Klarin, M. (2009). Varanje u srednjim školama u Hrvatskoj i u Bosni i Hercegovini. Društvena istraživanja, 18(6(104)), 999–1022.
Štambuk, M., Maričić, A. i Hanzec, I. (2015). Cheating is Unacceptable, but... Teachers’ Perceptions of and Reactions to Students’ Cheating at Schools and Universities. Croatian Journal of Education, 17(4), 259–288. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v17i0.1258
Tokić, A., & Nikolić, M. (2017). Moral reasoning among Croatian students of different academic orientations. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(2), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p208–213
Tomašić Humer, J., Babić Čikeš, A., Hajek, D., & Jambrešić, I. (2018). Moral Reasoning and Moral Foundations in the academic context. Mednarodna konferenca EDUvision 2018: Sodobni pristopi poučevanja prihajajočih generacij, 1299–1308.
Trémolière, B., & Djeriouat, H. (2016). The sadistic trait predicts minimization of intention and causal responsibility in moral judgment. Cognition, 146, 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.014
Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.
Wertag, A., Vrselja, I. i Tomić, T. (2011). Provjera konstruktne valjanosti Paulhusovog i Williamsovog (2002) upitnika Mračne trijade D3–27. 19. godišnja konferencija hrvatskih psihologa: Vrijeme sličnosti i razlika – izazov psihologiji i psiholozima (str. 180). Preuzeto sa https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/537948.Poster–Osijek.pdf
Wideman, M. (2008). Academic dishonesty in postsecondary education: A literature review. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching & Learning Journal, 2, 1–12.
Williams, K. M., Nathanson, C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Identifying and profiling scholastic cheaters: Their personality, cognitive ability, and motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 16(3), 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020773
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09.07.2020
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Jambrešić, I., Tomašić Humer, J., & Babić Čikeš, A. (2020). VARANJE U AKADEMSKOM OKRUŽENJU - ULOGA MRAČNIH OSOBINA LIČNOSTI, STAVOVA O VARANJU I MORALNOG RASUĐIVANJA. Primenjena Psihologija, 13(2), 243–262. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.2.243-262
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