KONSTRUISANJE POMIRENJA – LAIČKE DEFINICIJE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI: KVALITATIVNI PRISTUP
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.2.211-242Ključne reči:
Bosna i Hercegovina, etničke podele, pomirenje, post-konfliktno društvoApstrakt
Definisanje međugrupnog pomirenja nakon konflikta je u socijalnoj psihologiji i dalje neadekvatno. Definicije pomirenja zavisi od toga ko tu definiciju daje, te su tako u skladu s tim različiti autori istraživali različite aspekte ovog procesa, vodeći se različitim pojmovima. Mnoge date definicije potpadaju pod konceptualno rastezanje te zapravo ne doprinose razjašnjenju toga šta pomirenje nije, a šta jeste. U ovom radu predstavljeni su rezultati kvalitativnog istraživanja koje je sprovedeno u Bosni i Hercegovini, a koje se tiče upravo toga kako različite etničke grupe konstruišu, odnosno definišu pomirenje. U BiH su 25 godina nakon završetka oružanih konflikata i dalje prisutne etničke podele, koje su institucionalizovane, i kao takve utiču na međugrupne odnose i na svakodnevnu realnost stanovnika. Od potpisivanja Dejtonskog sporazuma 1995, u ovoj zemlji je primenjen veliki broj intervencija radi postizanja pomirenja; međutim, izgleda kao da je njihov efekat neznatan, a mi smatramo da je jedan od važnih faktora to što nije jasno definisano na šta se konkretno cilja. Uključivanje laika u istraživanja o međugrupnom pomirenju je prilično recentna pojava, te su istraživanja sa ovakvim uzorcima veoma malobrojna. Zbog svega navedenog, glavno istraživačko pitanje je kako Bošnjaci i Srbi definišu pomirenje i da li smatraju da je postignuto. U ovoj studiji rezultati su prikupljeni metodom fokus grupa, u kojima je učestvovalo 56 Srba i Bošnjaka iz Sarajeva i Banjaluke, u osam fokus grupa. Grupe su bile etnički homogene i voditelji su bili iste etničke pozadine kao i učesnici. Učesnici su regrutovani putem saradnje sa fakultetima i drugim organizacijama u pomenutim gradovima. U ovom radu predstavljeni su rezultati odgovora na pitanja o samom definisanju pomirenja između Bošnjaka i Srba u BiH, kao i da li smatraju da je to pomirenje postignuto. Analiza podataka vršena je u MAXQDA softveru. Rezultati su pokazali da nešto više od dve trećine učesnika iz obe grupe smatraju da pomirenje u BiH nije postignuto. Kada je u pitanju definisanje pomirenja, postoje delovi definicije koji se preklapaju, odnosno javljaju u obe grupe. Ovi segmenti najpre se tiču priznavanja i prihvatanja pripadnika druge grupe bez obzira na njihovu grupnu pripadnost, tj. religiju, ime, etničku pripadnost. Takođe, obe grupe smatraju da je značajan deo pomirenja normalan život, odnosno ostvarivanje i održavanje kontakata, provođenje vreme i svakodnevna razmena informacija između grupa. Određen procenat odgovora o definiciji pomirenja potpada pod kategoriju individualnog pristupa, odnosno potrebe da ljudi najpre rade na sebi i svom razvoju kako bi mogli da pristupe pomirenju sa drugima. Takođe, u obe grupe se navodi značaj pomirenja na političkom nivou. Kada su u pitanju razlike između Bošnjaka i Srba, predstavljene su kategorije koje se javljaju u najvećoj meri ekskluzivno samo kod jedne grupe. Za Bošnjake, značaj deo definicije čine ekonomska stabilnost, koegzistencija, odnosno suživot, ali i niz kategorija koje se tiču suočavanja sa prošlošću, prihvatanja zlodela koje je grupa učinila, kažnjavanje ratnih zločinaca i priznavanje žrtava. Takođe, kod njih se javljaju kategorije koje se tiču okretanja ka budućnosti i postavljanje zajedničkih ciljeva, od kojih kao jedan navode unitarnu Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Srbi, sa druge strane, češće definišu pomirenje kao saradnju, poštovanje, izgradnju novih veza sa drugom grupom i razumevanje. Srbi takođe govore i o odnosu između uloga žrtve i zločinca, odnosno kao bitan segment pomirenja vide uklanjanje ekskluzivne uloge zločinca koja im je pripisana. Dobijeni rezultati su diskutovani u svetlu procesa koji su i ranije u literaturi dovođeni u vezu sa pomirenjem, ali i u skladu sa kontekstualnim specifičnostima BiH. Neke od navedenih kategorija javljale su se u ranijim istraživanjima, npr. izgradnja međugrupnog poverenja i suočavanje sa prošlošću. Međutim, ono što je značajno i što je pokazano ovim istraživanjem jeste da postoji jedan deo varijanse pomirenja koji kao važan definišu obe grupe, ali i jedan deo koji je grupno-specifičan, odnosno postoje bitne razlike u definisanju između Bošnjaka i Srba. Smatramo da je moguće da intervencije koje su do sada primenjene u BiH nisu uzele u obzir ove međugrupne razlike, te su ciljale neadekvatne procese kod obe grupe.
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