REVIDIRANI UPITNIK PERCEPCIJE BOLESTI – PROVJERA MJERNIH KARAKTERISTIKA LJESTVICE ATRIBUCIJA UZROKA BOLESTI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.1.71-90Ključne reči:
anksioznost, atribucija uzorka bolesti, depresivnost, kardiovaskularne bolesti, Revidirani upitnik percepcije bolestiApstrakt
Percepcija bolesti izravno utječe na ponašanja, strategije suočavanja i emocionalne odgovore na bolest, kao i na tijek tjelesnog i psihičkog oporavka nakon što se bolest već pojavila. Cilj je provedenog istraživanja bio provjeriti konstruktnu i kriterijsku valjanost Ljestvice atribucije uzroka bolesti, koja ispituje kojim sve čimbenicima osobe atribuiraju uzroke svoje bolesti. Eksploratornom faktorskom analizom, provedenom na rezultatima osoba oboljelih od šećerne bolesti tipa 2 (N = 88), izdvajaju se tri moguće skupine čimbenika kojima osobe pripisuju nastanak svoje bolesti. Taj je model, uz originalu strukturu koju predlažu autori, zatim testiran konfirmatornom faktorskom analizom, na uzorku osoba oboljelih od kardiovaskularnih bolesti (N = 177). Model s tri povezana faktora i manjim brojem čestica imao je najbolje indekse pristajanja, u usporedbi s preostalim modelima. Također, ti su faktori bili u značajnoj umjerenoj korelaciji s mjerama anksioznosti i depresivnosti, što govori u prilog kriterijske valjanosti ljestvice. Iako se prema originalnoj strukturi upitnika (IPQ-R) razlikuju četiri moguće skupine uzroka bolesti, naši rezultati pokazuju da je na hrvatskom uzorku primjerenija tro-faktorska struktura. Mogući uzroci bolesti tako se grupiraju u psihološke čimbenike, nekontrolabilne čimbenike te opće čimbenike rizika. Dobivene podljestvice imaju zadovoljavajuće statističke pokazatelje, uz nešto nižu pouzdanost tipa unutarnje konzistencije.
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Aflakseir, A. (2012). Role of illness and medication perceptions on adherence to medication in a group of Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes, 4, 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00183.x
Bar-On, D. (1987). Causal attributions and the rehabilitation of myocardial infarction victims. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1987.5.1.114
Bar-On, D., Gilutz, H., Maymon, T., Zilberman, E., & Cristal N. (1994). Long-term prognosis of low-risk, post-MI patients: The importance of subjective perception of disease. European Heart Journal, 15, 1611–1615. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060442
Beck, J. S. (2011). Kognitivna terapija. Naklada Slap.
Bennett, K. K., Clark, J. M. R., Harry, K. M., & Howarter, A. D. (2016). Causal attributions following a cardiac event: Short- and long-term differences in health outcomes. Health Psychology Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/205510291663266.
Bentler, P.M. (2006). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Multivariate Software, Inc.
Blair, J., Angus, N. J., Lauder, W. J., Atherton, I., Evans, J., & Leslie, S. J. (2014). The influence of non-modifiable illness perceptions on attendance at cardiac rehabilitation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 13, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515113477272
Brink, E., Alsen, P., & Cliffordson, C. (2011). Validation of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) in a sample of persons recovering from myocardial infarction – the Swedish version. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52, 573–579 https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00901.x
Broadbent, E., Ellis , C. J., Thomas, J., Gamble, G., & Petrie, K. J. (2009). Further development of an illness perception intervention for myocardial infarction patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.12.001
Cooper, A. F., Jackson, G., Weinman, J., & Horne, R. (2005). A qualitative study investigating patients’ beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation, 19, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215505cr818oa
French, D. P., Cooper, A., & Weinman, J. (2006). Illness perceptions predict attendance at cardiac rehabilitation following acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.029
Giannousi, Z., Manaras, I., Georgoulias, V., & Samonis, G. (2010). Illness perceptions in Greek patients with cancer: a validation of the Revised‐Illness Perception Questionnaire. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 85–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1538
Goulding, L., Furze, G., & Birks, Y. (2010). Randomized controlled trials of interventions to change maladaptive illness beliefs in people with coronary heart disease: Systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 946–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05306.x
Grace, S. L., Krepostman, S., Brooks, D., Arthur, H., Scholey, P., Suskin, N., Jaglal, S., Abramson, B., & Stewart, D. E. (2005). Illness perceptions among cardiac patients: Relation to depressive symptomatology and sex. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 59, 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.05.005
Hagger, M. S., & Orbell, S. (2005). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) in a cervical screening context. Psychology and Health, 20, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000334724
Hallas, C. N., Wray, J., Andreou, P., & Banner, N. R. (2011). Depression and perceptions about heart failure predict quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure. Heart & Lung, 40, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.12.008
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Tutorial on Parallel Analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675
Hill, S., Dziedzic, K., Thomas, E., Baker, S. R., & Croft, P. (2007). The illness perceptions associated with health and behavioural outcomes in people with musculoskeletal hand problems: Findings from the North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project (NorStOP). Rheumatology, 46, 944–951. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kem015
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 32, 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02289447
Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo, Ministarstvo zdravlja Republike Hrvatske (2013). Kardiovaskularne bolesti u Republici Hrvatskoj. https://www.hzjz.hr/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/KVBbilten_2011-10-5-2013-3.pdf
Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. IBM Corp.
Kanapathy, J. (2015). Illness perception of Type 2 Diabetic patients in Malaysia (Unpublished Doctoral thesis). City University in London.
Keskin Güler, S., Güler, S., Gökçe Çokal, B., Gunes, N., Yon, M. I., & Yoldas, T. K. (2017). Validation of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire in Turkish epilepsy patients and the effects of earthquake experience on perception of disease. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 551–556. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S126706
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (5th ed.). The Guilford Press.
Ladwig, K. H., Lederbogen, F., Albus, C., Angermann, C., Borggrefe, M., Fischer, D., Fritzche, K., Haass, M., Jünger, J., Kindermann, I., Köllner, V., Kuhn, B., Scherer, M., Seyfarth, M., Völler, H., Waller, C., & Herrmann-Lingen, C. (2014). Position paper on the importance of psychosocial factors in cardiology: Update 2013. German Medical Science, 12, Doc09. https://doi.org/ 10.3205/000194
Leventhal, H., Diefenbach, M., & Leventhal, E. A. (1992). Illness cognition: Using common sense to understand treatment adherence and affect cognition interactions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 143–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173486
Morgan, K., Villiers-Tuthill, A., Barker, M., & McGee, H. (2014). The contribution of illness perception to psychological distress in heart failure patients. BMC Psychology, 2(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-014-0050-3
Moss-Morris, R., Weinman, J., Petrie, K. J., Horne, R., Cameron, L. D., & Buick, L. (2002). The revised illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R). Psychology and Health, 17, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440290001494
Nunnaly, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
O'leary, C. J., Creamer, D. J., Higgins, E., & Weinman, J. A. (2004). Perceived stress, stress attributions and psychological distress in psoriasis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.03.012
Pacheco-Huergo, V., Viladrich, C., Pujol-Ribera, E., Cabezas-Peña, C., Núñez, M., Roura-Olmeda, P., Amado-Guirado, E., Núñez, E., & Del Val, J. L. (2012). Perception in chronic illnesses: linguistic validation of the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire for a Spanish population. Atencion Primaria, 44(5), 280–287. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.aprim.2010.11.022
Petrie, K. J., & Weinman, J. (2006). Why illness perceptions matter? Clinical Medicine, 6, 536–539. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.6-6-536
Petrie, K. J., Jago, L. A., & Devcich, D. A. (2007). The role of illness perceptions in patients with medical conditions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 163–167. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328014a871
Pett, M. A., Lackley, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage publications.
Pokrajac-Bulian, A., & Ambrosi-Randić, N. (2018). Illness perception in overweight and obese patients with cardiovascular diseases. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. Online 3 May. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0506-1
Pokrajac-Bulian, A., Kukić, M., Klobučar Majanović, S., & Tkalčić, M. (2018). Body weight and psychological functioning in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients: A preliminary study. Psihologijske teme, 27, 55–72. https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.27.1.4
Poljičanin, T., Smirčić Duvnjak, L., Vinković, M., & Kolarić, V. (2015). Šećerna bolest u Republici Hrvatskoj 2005– 2014. Zagreb: Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo.
Richardson, E. M., Schüz, N., Sanderson, K., Scott, J. L., & Schüz, B. (2017). Illness representations, coping, and illness outcomes in people with cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Psycho-Oncology, 26, 724–737. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4213
Schoormans, D., Mulder, B. J. M., van Melle, J. P., Pieper, P. G., van Dijk, A. P. J., Sieswerda, G. T., Hulsbergern-Zwarts, M. S., Plokker, T., Brunninkhuis, L. G. H., Vliegen, H. W., & Sprangers, M. A. G. (2014). Illness perceptions of adults with congenital heart disease and their predictive value for quality of life two years later. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 13(1), 86–94. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1474515113481908
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
Tiemensma, J., Gaab, E., Voorhaar, M., Asijee, G., & Kaptein, A. (2016). Illness perceptions and coping determine quality of life in COPD patients. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 11(1), 2001–2007. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S109227
Ulus, Y., Tander, B., Akyol, Y., Terzi, Y., Zahiroğlu, Y., Sarisoy, G., Bįlgįcį, A., & Kuru, Ö (2017). Are illness perceptions associated with disease activity or psychological well-being in rheumatoid arthritis? A study with the evidence of confirmatory factor analysis. Archives of Rheumatology, 32, 315–324. https://doi.org/10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2017.6234
Von Eye, A., & Bogat, G. A. (2004). Testing the assumption of multivariate normality. Psychological Science, 46(2), 243–258.
Wahl, A. K., Robinson, H. S., Langeland, E., Larsen M. H., Krogstad, A. L., & Moum, T. (2014). Clinical characteristics associated with illness perception in psoriasis. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 94, 271–275. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1673.
Webster, R., & Heeley, E. (2010). Perceptions of risk: Understanding cardiovascular disease. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 3, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S8288
Weinman, J., Petrie, K. J., Moss-Morris, R., & Horne, R. (1996). The illness perception questionnaire: A new method for assessing the cognitive representations of illness. Psychology & Health, 11, 431–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449608400270
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370. doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb097 16.x
Aflakseir, A. (2012). Role of illness and medication perceptions on adherence to medication in a group of Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes, 4, 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00183.x
Bar-On, D. (1987). Causal attributions and the rehabilitation of myocardial infarction victims. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1987.5.1.114
Bar-On, D., Gilutz, H., Maymon, T., Zilberman, E., & Cristal N. (1994). Long-term prognosis of low-risk, post-MI patients: The importance of subjective perception of disease. European Heart Journal, 15, 1611–1615. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060442
Beck, J. S. (2011). Kognitivna terapija. Naklada Slap.
Bennett, K. K., Clark, J. M. R., Harry, K. M., & Howarter, A. D. (2016). Causal attributions following a cardiac event: Short- and long-term differences in health outcomes. Health Psychology Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/205510291663266.
Bentler, P.M. (2006). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Multivariate Software, Inc.
Blair, J., Angus, N. J., Lauder, W. J., Atherton, I., Evans, J., & Leslie, S. J. (2014). The influence of non-modifiable illness perceptions on attendance at cardiac rehabilitation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 13, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515113477272
Brink, E., Alsen, P., & Cliffordson, C. (2011). Validation of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) in a sample of persons recovering from myocardial infarction – the Swedish version. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52, 573–579 https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00901.x
Broadbent, E., Ellis , C. J., Thomas, J., Gamble, G., & Petrie, K. J. (2009). Further development of an illness perception intervention for myocardial infarction patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.12.001
Cooper, A. F., Jackson, G., Weinman, J., & Horne, R. (2005). A qualitative study investigating patients’ beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation, 19, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215505cr818oa
French, D. P., Cooper, A., & Weinman, J. (2006). Illness perceptions predict attendance at cardiac rehabilitation following acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.029
Giannousi, Z., Manaras, I., Georgoulias, V., & Samonis, G. (2010). Illness perceptions in Greek patients with cancer: a validation of the Revised‐Illness Perception Questionnaire. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 85–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1538
Goulding, L., Furze, G., & Birks, Y. (2010). Randomized controlled trials of interventions to change maladaptive illness beliefs in people with coronary heart disease: Systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 946–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05306.x
Grace, S. L., Krepostman, S., Brooks, D., Arthur, H., Scholey, P., Suskin, N., Jaglal, S., Abramson, B., & Stewart, D. E. (2005). Illness perceptions among cardiac patients: Relation to depressive symptomatology and sex. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 59, 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.05.005
Hagger, M. S., & Orbell, S. (2005). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) in a cervical screening context. Psychology and Health, 20, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000334724
Hallas, C. N., Wray, J., Andreou, P., & Banner, N. R. (2011). Depression and perceptions about heart failure predict quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure. Heart & Lung, 40, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.12.008
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Tutorial on Parallel Analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675
Hill, S., Dziedzic, K., Thomas, E., Baker, S. R., & Croft, P. (2007). The illness perceptions associated with health and behavioural outcomes in people with musculoskeletal hand problems: Findings from the North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project (NorStOP). Rheumatology, 46, 944–951. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kem015
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 32, 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02289447
Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo, Ministarstvo zdravlja Republike Hrvatske (2013). Kardiovaskularne bolesti u Republici Hrvatskoj. https://www.hzjz.hr/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/KVBbilten_2011-10-5-2013-3.pdf
Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. IBM Corp.
Kanapathy, J. (2015). Illness perception of Type 2 Diabetic patients in Malaysia (Unpublished Doctoral thesis). City University in London.
Keskin Güler, S., Güler, S., Gökçe Çokal, B., Gunes, N., Yon, M. I., & Yoldas, T. K. (2017). Validation of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire in Turkish epilepsy patients and the effects of earthquake experience on perception of disease. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 551–556. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S126706
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (5th ed.). The Guilford Press.
Ladwig, K. H., Lederbogen, F., Albus, C., Angermann, C., Borggrefe, M., Fischer, D., Fritzche, K., Haass, M., Jünger, J., Kindermann, I., Köllner, V., Kuhn, B., Scherer, M., Seyfarth, M., Völler, H., Waller, C., & Herrmann-Lingen, C. (2014). Position paper on the importance of psychosocial factors in cardiology: Update 2013. German Medical Science, 12, Doc09. https://doi.org/ 10.3205/000194
Leventhal, H., Diefenbach, M., & Leventhal, E. A. (1992). Illness cognition: Using common sense to understand treatment adherence and affect cognition interactions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 143–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173486
Morgan, K., Villiers-Tuthill, A., Barker, M., & McGee, H. (2014). The contribution of illness perception to psychological distress in heart failure patients. BMC Psychology, 2(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-014-0050-3
Moss-Morris, R., Weinman, J., Petrie, K. J., Horne, R., Cameron, L. D., & Buick, L. (2002). The revised illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R). Psychology and Health, 17, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440290001494
Nunnaly, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
O'leary, C. J., Creamer, D. J., Higgins, E., & Weinman, J. A. (2004). Perceived stress, stress attributions and psychological distress in psoriasis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.03.012
Pacheco-Huergo, V., Viladrich, C., Pujol-Ribera, E., Cabezas-Peña, C., Núñez, M., Roura-Olmeda, P., Amado-Guirado, E., Núñez, E., & Del Val, J. L. (2012). Perception in chronic illnesses: linguistic validation of the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire for a Spanish population. Atencion Primaria, 44(5), 280–287. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.aprim.2010.11.022
Petrie, K. J., & Weinman, J. (2006). Why illness perceptions matter? Clinical Medicine, 6, 536–539. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.6-6-536
Petrie, K. J., Jago, L. A., & Devcich, D. A. (2007). The role of illness perceptions in patients with medical conditions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 163–167. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328014a871
Pett, M. A., Lackley, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage publications.
Pokrajac-Bulian, A., & Ambrosi-Randić, N. (2018). Illness perception in overweight and obese patients with cardiovascular diseases. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. Online 3 May. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0506-1
Pokrajac-Bulian, A., Kukić, M., Klobučar Majanović, S., & Tkalčić, M. (2018). Body weight and psychological functioning in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients: A preliminary study. Psihologijske teme, 27, 55–72. https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.27.1.4
Poljičanin, T., Smirčić Duvnjak, L., Vinković, M., & Kolarić, V. (2015). Šećerna bolest u Republici Hrvatskoj 2005– 2014. Zagreb: Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo.
Richardson, E. M., Schüz, N., Sanderson, K., Scott, J. L., & Schüz, B. (2017). Illness representations, coping, and illness outcomes in people with cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Psycho-Oncology, 26, 724–737. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4213
Schoormans, D., Mulder, B. J. M., van Melle, J. P., Pieper, P. G., van Dijk, A. P. J., Sieswerda, G. T., Hulsbergern-Zwarts, M. S., Plokker, T., Brunninkhuis, L. G. H., Vliegen, H. W., & Sprangers, M. A. G. (2014). Illness perceptions of adults with congenital heart disease and their predictive value for quality of life two years later. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 13(1), 86–94. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1474515113481908
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
Tiemensma, J., Gaab, E., Voorhaar, M., Asijee, G., & Kaptein, A. (2016). Illness perceptions and coping determine quality of life in COPD patients. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 11(1), 2001–2007. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S109227
Ulus, Y., Tander, B., Akyol, Y., Terzi, Y., Zahiroğlu, Y., Sarisoy, G., Bįlgįcį, A., & Kuru, Ö (2017). Are illness perceptions associated with disease activity or psychological well-being in rheumatoid arthritis? A study with the evidence of confirmatory factor analysis. Archives of Rheumatology, 32, 315–324. https://doi.org/10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2017.6234
Von Eye, A., & Bogat, G. A. (2004). Testing the assumption of multivariate normality. Psychological Science, 46(2), 243–258.
Wahl, A. K., Robinson, H. S., Langeland, E., Larsen M. H., Krogstad, A. L., & Moum, T. (2014). Clinical characteristics associated with illness perception in psoriasis. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 94, 271–275. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1673.
Webster, R., & Heeley, E. (2010). Perceptions of risk: Understanding cardiovascular disease. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 3, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S8288
Weinman, J., Petrie, K. J., Moss-Morris, R., & Horne, R. (1996). The illness perception questionnaire: A new method for assessing the cognitive representations of illness. Psychology & Health, 11, 431–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449608400270
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370. doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb097 16.x
