ODRASLOST U NASTAJANJU, STATUS IDENTITETA I RODITELJSKA KONTROLA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2019.3.305-326Ključne reči:
nestudenti, odraslost u nastajanju, roditeljska kontrola, status identiteta, studentiApstrakt
Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su ispitati razlike između skupina pojedinaca različitog studentskog statusa u karakteristikama odraslosti u nastajanju i statusu identiteta, te provjeriti povezanost roditeljske kontrole s dimenzijama identiteta odraslih u nastajanju. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 363 sudionika u dobi od 18 do 25 godina. U istraživanju su korišteni sljedeći instrumenti: Inventar dimenzija odraslosti u nastajanju, Upitnik procesa razvoja identiteta, skale psihološke i bihejvioralne kontrole te helikopter ponašanja, kao i čestica koja mjeri subjektivan osjećaj odraslosti. Rezultati pokazuju kako se pojedinci različitog studentskog statusa razlikuju na tri dimenzije odraslosti u nastajanju: doba mogućnosti, doba nestabilnosti i doba osjećaja razmeđe, te dopunskoj skali doba fokusiranja na druge. Studenti u većoj mjeri nego diplomirani smatraju da je odraslost u nastajanju za njih doba nestabilnosti i doba osjećaja razmeđe, dok nestudenti u većoj mjeri nego studenti smatraju kako je odraslost u nastajanju za njih doba fokusiranja na druge. Većina pojedinaca koji su diplomirali se smatra odraslima, dok nestudenti i studenti većinom izjavljuju kako se smatraju odraslima samo u određenim aspektima. Nisu pronađene razlike u statusu identiteta između skupina različitog studentskog statusa. Na dimenziji obvezivanja pronađena je statistički značajna negativna povezanost s bihejvioralnom i psihološkom kontrolom majke, te s psihološkom kontrolom oca, dok je na dimenziji istraživanja pronađena samo statistički značajna negativna povezanost s helikopter ponašanjima majke.
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Hendry, L. B., & Kloep, M. (2010). How universal is emerging adulthood? An empirical example. Journal of Youth Studies, 13(2), 169–179. doi:10.1080/13676260903295067
Holden, G. W. (2010). Parenting: A Dynamic Perspective. California: Sage Publications. doi:10.4135/9781452204000
Kins, E., & Beyers, W. (2010). Failure to Launch, Failure to Achieve Criteria for Adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(5), 1–35. doi:10.1177/0743558410371126
LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418. doi:10.10 80/02732173.2011.574038
Luebbe, A. M., Mancini, K. J., Kiel, E. J., Spangler, B. R., Semlak, J. L., & Fussner, L. M. (2016). Dimensionality of Helicopter Parenting and Relations to Emotional, Decision-Making, and Academic Functioning in Emerging Adults. Assessment, 25(7), 841–857. doi:10.1177/1073191116665907
Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2007). Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 546–550. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.546
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558. doi:10.1037/h0023281
Munro, G., & Adams, G. R. (1977). Ego-identity formation in college students and working youth. Developmental Psychology, 13(5), 523–524. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.13.5.523
Nelson, L., Badger, S., & Wu, B. (2004). The influence of culture in emerging adulthood Perspectives of Chinese college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(1), 26–36. doi:10.1080/01650250344000244
Nelson, L. J., & Barry, C. M. (2005). Distinguishing features of emerging adulthood: The role of self-classification as an adult. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(2), 242–262. doi:10.1177/0743558404273074
Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407–425. doi:10.1080/10510974.2013.811434
Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177–1190. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007
Reifman, A., Arnett, J. J., & Colwell, M. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: Theory, assessment, and application. Journal of Youth Development, 2(1), 37–48. doi:10.5195/jyd.2007.359
Ryu, E. (2011). Effects of skewness and kurtosis on normal-theory based maximum likelihood test statistic in multilevel structural equation modeling. Behavior Research Methods, 43(4), 1066–1074. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0115-7
Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548–557. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(6), 569–595. doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569
Seiter, L. N., & Nelson, L. J. (2011). An examination of emerging adulthood in college students and nonstudents in India. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(4), 506–536. doi:10.1177/0743558410391262
Sirsch, U., Dreher, E., Mayr, E., & Willinger, U. (2009). What does it take to be an adult in Austria? Views of adulthood in Austrian adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(3), 275–292. doi:10.1177/0743558408331184
Zorotovich, J. R. (2014). Five dimensions of emerging adulthood: A comparison between students, nonstudents, and college graduates (Neobjavljena doktorska disertacija). University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
Arnett, J. J. (2003). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood among emerging adults in American ethnic groups. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 100, 63–76. doi:10.1002/cd.75
Arnett, J. J. (2014). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:o so/9780199929382.001.0001
Arnett, J. J. (2006a). Emerging Adulthood: Understanding the New Way of Coming of Age. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 3–19). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11381-001
Arnett, J. J. (2006b). Emerging adulthood in Europe: A response to Bynner. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(1), 111–123. doi:10.1080/13676260500523671
Arnett, J. J. (2006c). G. Stanley Hall’s Adolescence: Brilliance and nonsense. History of Psychology, 9(3), 186–197. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.9.3.186
Arnett, J. J., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2015). Brief report: Danish emerging adults’ conceptions of adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 38, 39–44. doi:10.1016/j. adolescence.2014.10.011
Balistreri, E., Busch-Rossnagel, N. A., & Geisinger, K. F. (1995). Development and preliminary validation of the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescence, 18(2), 179–192. doi:10.1006/jado.1995.1012
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296–3319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996. tb01915.x
Barber, B. K. (2002). Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10422-000
Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: parental psychological control of children and adolescents. U: B. K. Barber (Ed.), Psychological control of children and adolescents (pp. 15–52). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10422-002
Berk, L. E. (2008). Psihologija cjeloživotnog razvoja. Jastrebarsko: Naklada Slap.
Bynner, J. (2005). Rethinking the youth phase of the life-course: The case for emerging adulthood?. Journal of Youth Ytudies, 8(4), 367–384. doi:10.1080/13676260500431628
Buhl, H. M., & Lanz, M. (2007). Emerging adulthood in Europe: Common traits and variability across five European countries. Journal of Adolescence Research, 22, 439–443. doi:10.1177/0743558407306345
Côté, J. E. (2000). Arrested adulthood: The changing nature of maturity and identity. New York: NYU Press.
Côté, J. E. (2006). Emerging Adulthood as an Institutionalized Moratorium: Risks and Benefits to Identity Formation. U: J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 85–116). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11381-004
Côté, J. E. (2014). The dangerous myth of emerging adulthood: An evidence-based critique of a flawed developmental theory. Applied Developmental Science, 18(4), 177–188. doi:10.1080/10888691.2014.954451
Côté, J., & Bynner, J. M. (2008). Changes in the transition to adulthood in the UK and Canada: The role of structure and agency in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth Studies, 11(3), 251–268. doi:10.1080/13676260801946464
Crocetti, E., Tagliabue, S., Sugimura, K., Nelson, L. J., Takahashi, A., Niwa, T., … & Jinno, M. (2015). Perceptions of emerging adulthood: A study with Italian and Japanese university students and young workers. Emerging Adulthood, 3(4), 229–243. doi:10.1177/2167696815569848
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton. doi:10.1126/science.113.2931.253
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton. doi:10.1126/ science.161.3838.257
Grob, A., Krings, F., & Bangerter, A. (2001). Life markers in biographical narratives of people from three cohorts: A life span perspective in its historical context. Human Development, 44(4), 171–190. doi:10.1159/000057057
Hendry, L. B., & Kloep, M. (2010). How universal is emerging adulthood? An empirical example. Journal of Youth Studies, 13(2), 169–179. doi:10.1080/13676260903295067
Holden, G. W. (2010). Parenting: A Dynamic Perspective. California: Sage Publications. doi:10.4135/9781452204000
Kins, E., & Beyers, W. (2010). Failure to Launch, Failure to Achieve Criteria for Adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(5), 1–35. doi:10.1177/0743558410371126
LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418. doi:10.10 80/02732173.2011.574038
Luebbe, A. M., Mancini, K. J., Kiel, E. J., Spangler, B. R., Semlak, J. L., & Fussner, L. M. (2016). Dimensionality of Helicopter Parenting and Relations to Emotional, Decision-Making, and Academic Functioning in Emerging Adults. Assessment, 25(7), 841–857. doi:10.1177/1073191116665907
Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2007). Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 546–550. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.546
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558. doi:10.1037/h0023281
Munro, G., & Adams, G. R. (1977). Ego-identity formation in college students and working youth. Developmental Psychology, 13(5), 523–524. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.13.5.523
Nelson, L., Badger, S., & Wu, B. (2004). The influence of culture in emerging adulthood Perspectives of Chinese college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(1), 26–36. doi:10.1080/01650250344000244
Nelson, L. J., & Barry, C. M. (2005). Distinguishing features of emerging adulthood: The role of self-classification as an adult. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(2), 242–262. doi:10.1177/0743558404273074
Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407–425. doi:10.1080/10510974.2013.811434
Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177–1190. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007
Reifman, A., Arnett, J. J., & Colwell, M. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: Theory, assessment, and application. Journal of Youth Development, 2(1), 37–48. doi:10.5195/jyd.2007.359
Ryu, E. (2011). Effects of skewness and kurtosis on normal-theory based maximum likelihood test statistic in multilevel structural equation modeling. Behavior Research Methods, 43(4), 1066–1074. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0115-7
Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548–557. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(6), 569–595. doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569
Seiter, L. N., & Nelson, L. J. (2011). An examination of emerging adulthood in college students and nonstudents in India. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(4), 506–536. doi:10.1177/0743558410391262
Sirsch, U., Dreher, E., Mayr, E., & Willinger, U. (2009). What does it take to be an adult in Austria? Views of adulthood in Austrian adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(3), 275–292. doi:10.1177/0743558408331184
Zorotovich, J. R. (2014). Five dimensions of emerging adulthood: A comparison between students, nonstudents, and college graduates (Neobjavljena doktorska disertacija). University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
