DEČJI CRTEŽI KAO TRIJAŽNO SREDSTVO ZA PROCENU NEGATIVNE EMOCIONALNOSTI KOD DECE IZBEGLICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2019.3.245-262Ključne reči:
crteži, ekspresivne strategije, izbeglička deca, trauma indikatoriApstrakt
Psiholozi koji rade sa ljudima u krizi suočavaju se sa problemom nedostatka dijagnostičkog instrumentarijuma koji može brzo i efikasno ukazati na indikatore traumatskog iskustva, čime bi se omogućila blagovremena i na pravi način osmišljena intervencija. Taj problem je posebno naglašen kod dece, odnosno, kod su- bjekata sa kojima je otežana verbalna komunikacija (npr. zbog nepoznavanja jezika), kao i kod ljudi u pokretu. Autori ovog rada bili su deo psihološkog interventnog tima na tzv. ,,Balkanskoj ruti” i suočili su se sa populacijom u krizi, koja je imala sve napred navedene odlike. Iz tog razloga, sprovedeno je istraživanje čiji je cilj bio da registruje moguće indirektne indikatore traume u spontanim crtežima dece izbeglica. Koristeći izražajne strategije koje deca koriste kako bi prikazala raspoloženje u svojim crteži- ma, fokusiralismo se na moguće pokazatelje traume. Od srpske dece iz domicilne populacije formirana je kontrolna grupa istog uzrasta kao i u grupi izbeglica (5 - 9 godina). Ukupno je prikuplje- no 464 crteža na kojima je primenjena analiza sadržaja i analiza Pickardovih ekspresivnih strategija. Analiza sadržaja je pokazala različite sadržajno specifične kategorije u odnosu na posmatrane grupe, pri čemu se kategorija nasilja i rata pojavljuje isključivo na crtežima u izbegličkoj grupi i korišćena je kao jedan od pokazate- lja traume. Dalja analiza je pokazala da je negativno raspoloženje prikazano složenijim i detaljnijim crtežima u obe grupe. Literalna ekspresivna strategija bila je specifična za izbegličku grupu, dok su različiti obrasci neliteralnih ekspresivnih strategija prepoznati kao indikatori raspoloženja u obe grupe. Nalazi ukazuju na to da se spontani dečiji crteži mogu koristiti kao trijažni alat za procenu emocionalnog stanja dece izbeglica i da imaju više prednosti u odnosu na druge dijagnostičke instrumente – dobijaju se brzo, spontano i ne dovode do retraumatizacije.
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Farokhi, M., & Hashemi, M. (2011). The analysis of children’s drawings: social, emotional, physical, and psychological aspects. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2219–2224. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.433
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. The Lancet, 365, 1309–1314. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61027-6
Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children’s behavior problems: a risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33–45. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01717.x
Goldman, R. K., & Warren, D. (1976). Preliminary analyses of human figure drawings as a kindergarten screening measure. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 58–68. doi:10.2466/pms.1976.43.1.58
Golomb, C. (1992). The child ‘s creation of a pictorial world. Berkeley: University of California Press. doi:10.4324/9781410609250
Gross, J., & Hayne, H. (1998). Drawing facilitates children’s verbal reports of emotionally laden events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 4, 163– 179. doi:10.1037//1076-898x.4.2.163
Hassan, G., Ventevogel, P., Jefee-Bahloul, H., Barkil-Oteo, A., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2016). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25, 129–141. doi:10.1017/ s2045796016000044
Hollifield, M., Warner, T., Lian, N., Krakow, B., Jenkins, J., Kesler, J., & Westermeyer, J. (2002). Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: A critical review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 611–621. doi:10.1001/ jama.288.5.611
Jolley, R. R. (2010). Children and pictures: Drawing and understanding. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Jolley, R. P., Fenn, K., & Jones, L. (2004). The development of children’s expressive drawings. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 545–567. doi:10.1348/0261510042378236
Jolley, R. P., & Thomas, G. V. (1994). The development of sensitivity to metaphorical expression of moods in abstract art. Educational Psychology, 14, 437–450. doi:10.1080/0144341940140406
Jolley, R. P., & Thomas, G. V. (1995). Children’s sensitivity to metaphorical expression of mood in line drawings. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 335–346. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1995.tb00684.x
Kazour, F., Zahreddine, N. R., Maragel, M. G., Almustafa, M. A., Soufia, M., Haddad, R., & Richa, S. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 41–47. doi:10.1016/j. comppsych.2016.09.007
Kleinman, A. (1981). Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture: Exploring the Borderland Between Anthropology, Medicine and Psychiatry. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Klepsch, M., & Logie, L. (2014). Children draw and tell: An introduction to the projective uses of children’s human figure drawing. London: Routledge.
Koppitz, E. M. (1968). Emotional indicators on human figure drawings of shy and aggressive children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 466–469. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196610)22:4<466::aid-jclp2270220430>3.0.co;2-i
Leaning, J. (2001). Ethics of research in refugee populations. Lancet, 357, 1432–1433. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04572-4
Leibowitz, M. (2013). Interpreting projective drawings: A self-psychological approach. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203777992
Lindert, J., & von Ehrenstein, O. (2018). Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees-a systematic review. The European Journal of Public Health, 28, 48–091. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky048.091
Lumley, M., Katsikitis, M., & Statham, D. (2018). Depression, Anxiety, and Acculturative Stress Among Resettled Bhutanese Refugees in Australia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49, 1269–1282. doi:10.1177/0022022118786458 Lustig, S. L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W. G., Geltman, P., Ellis, H., Kinzie, J. D., … & Saxe, G. N. (2004). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 24–36. doi:10.1097/00004583-200401000-00012
Malchiodi, C. (1998). Understanding children’s drawings. London: Jessica Kingsley. McElroy, T., Muyinda, H., Atim, S., Spittal, P., & Backman, C. (2012). War, displacement and productive occupations in northern Uganda. Journal of Occupational Science, 19, 198–212. doi:10.1080/14427591.2011.614681
Minihan, S., Liddell, B. J., Byrow, Y., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2018). Patterns and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees: A latent class analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 232, 252–259. doi:10.1016/j. jad.2018.02.010
Misalidi, P., & Bonoti, F. (2014). Children’s expressive drawing strategies: the effects of mood, age and topic. Early Child Development and Care, 184, 882–896. doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.823409
Palic, S., Kappel, M. L., Nielsen, M. S., Carlsson, J., & Bech, P. (2014). Comparison of psychiatric disability on the health of nation outcome scales (HoNOS) in resettled traumatized refugee outpatients and Danish inpatients. BMC psychiatry, 14, Article 330. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0330-8
Parsons, M. J. (1987). How we understand art: A cognitive developmental account of aesthetic experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pernice, R. (1994). Methodological issues in research with refugees and immigrants. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 207–213. doi:10.1037//0735-7028.25.3.207
Picard, D., & Gauthier, C. (2012). The development of expressive drawing abilities during childhood and into adolescence. Child Development Research, Article ID 925036. doi:10.1155/2012/925063
Picard, D., Brechet, C., & Baldy, R. (2007). Expressive Strategies in Drawing are Related to Age and Topic. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 31, 243–257. doi:10.1007/s10919-007-0035-5
Quosh, C., Eloul, L., & Ajlani, R. (2013). Mental health of refugees and displaced persons in Syria and surrounding countries: a systematic review. Intervention, 11, 276–294. doi:10.1097/wtf.0000000000000013
Rhema, S. H., Gray, A., Verbillis-Kolp, S., Farmer, B., & Hollifield, M. (2014). Mental health screening. In A. Annamalai (Ed.), Refugee health care: An essential medical guide (pp. 163–171). New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0271-2_12
Rose, S. E., Jolley, R. P., & Charman, A. (2012). An investigation of the expressive and representational drawing development in National Curriculum, Steiner and Montessori schools. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts, 6, 85–93. doi:10.1037/a0024460
Sack, W. H., Clarke, G.N., & Seeley, J. (1996). Multiple forms of stress in Cambodian adolescent refugees. Child Development, 67, 107–116. doi:10.2307/1131689 Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 537–549. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1132
Steele, W., & Kuban, C. (2013). Working with grieving and traumatized children and adolescents: Discovering what matters most through evidence-based, sensory interventions. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Teodorescu, D. S., Heir, T., Hauff, E., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Lien, L. (2012). Mental health problems and post-migration stress among multi-traumatized refugees attending outpatient clinics upon resettlement to Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 316–332. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00954.x
UNHCR (2014). The Future of Syria: Refugee Children in Crisis. Geneva: UNHCR.
UNHCR (2015). Mediterranean Sea arrivals - 2015. Data by location, country of arrival, demographic and country of origin. Retrieved from http://data.unhcr. org/ mediterranean/download.php?id=490
UNHCR (2016). Serbia Inter-agency Operational Update: April 2017 (with monthly figures). Retrieved from http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php
Vane, J. R., & Eisen, V. W. (1962). The Goodenough Draw-a-Man test and signs of maladjustment in kindergarten children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18, 276–279. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196207)18:3<276:aid-jclp2270180308>3.0.co;2-b
Vukcevic, M., Dobric, J., & Puric, D. (2014). Psychological Characteristics of Asylum seekers from Syria, in Survey of the Mental Health of Asylum seekers in Serbia. Belgrade: UNHCR. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.rs/media/Mental-HealthFinal.pdf
Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis. London: Sage.
Biro, M. (2017). Problems that refugees bring and problems they will face– the experiences of psychologists on the “Balkan Route”. In T. Varady (Ed.), Migrants in 21st Century Europe (pp. 217–228). Novi Sad: SANU.
Buckalew, L. W., & Bell, A. (1985). Effects of colors on mood in the drawings of young children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 689–690. doi:10.2466/ pms.1985.61.3.689
Burkitt, E., Barrett, M., & Davis, A. (2003). The effect of affective characterization on the size of children’s drawings. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 565–584. doi:10.1348/026151003322535228
Cox, M. (2005). The pictorial world of the child. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dana, R. H. (2001). Clinical diagnosis of multicultural populations in the United States. In L. A. Suzuki, J. G. Ponterotto, & P. G. Meller (Eds.), Handbook of Multicultural Assessment: Clinical, Psychological, and Educational Applications (pp. 101–131). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Draguns, J. G. (1977). Problems of defining and comparing abnormal behavior in cross-cultural research. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 285, 664–675. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb29389.x
Farokhi, M., & Hashemi, M. (2011). The analysis of children’s drawings: social, emotional, physical, and psychological aspects. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2219–2224. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.433
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. The Lancet, 365, 1309–1314. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61027-6
Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children’s behavior problems: a risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33–45. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01717.x
Goldman, R. K., & Warren, D. (1976). Preliminary analyses of human figure drawings as a kindergarten screening measure. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 58–68. doi:10.2466/pms.1976.43.1.58
Golomb, C. (1992). The child ‘s creation of a pictorial world. Berkeley: University of California Press. doi:10.4324/9781410609250
Gross, J., & Hayne, H. (1998). Drawing facilitates children’s verbal reports of emotionally laden events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 4, 163– 179. doi:10.1037//1076-898x.4.2.163
Hassan, G., Ventevogel, P., Jefee-Bahloul, H., Barkil-Oteo, A., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2016). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25, 129–141. doi:10.1017/ s2045796016000044
Hollifield, M., Warner, T., Lian, N., Krakow, B., Jenkins, J., Kesler, J., & Westermeyer, J. (2002). Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: A critical review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 611–621. doi:10.1001/ jama.288.5.611
Jolley, R. R. (2010). Children and pictures: Drawing and understanding. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Jolley, R. P., Fenn, K., & Jones, L. (2004). The development of children’s expressive drawings. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 545–567. doi:10.1348/0261510042378236
Jolley, R. P., & Thomas, G. V. (1994). The development of sensitivity to metaphorical expression of moods in abstract art. Educational Psychology, 14, 437–450. doi:10.1080/0144341940140406
Jolley, R. P., & Thomas, G. V. (1995). Children’s sensitivity to metaphorical expression of mood in line drawings. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 335–346. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1995.tb00684.x
Kazour, F., Zahreddine, N. R., Maragel, M. G., Almustafa, M. A., Soufia, M., Haddad, R., & Richa, S. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 41–47. doi:10.1016/j. comppsych.2016.09.007
Kleinman, A. (1981). Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture: Exploring the Borderland Between Anthropology, Medicine and Psychiatry. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Klepsch, M., & Logie, L. (2014). Children draw and tell: An introduction to the projective uses of children’s human figure drawing. London: Routledge.
Koppitz, E. M. (1968). Emotional indicators on human figure drawings of shy and aggressive children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 466–469. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196610)22:4<466::aid-jclp2270220430>3.0.co;2-i
Leaning, J. (2001). Ethics of research in refugee populations. Lancet, 357, 1432–1433. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04572-4
Leibowitz, M. (2013). Interpreting projective drawings: A self-psychological approach. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203777992
Lindert, J., & von Ehrenstein, O. (2018). Anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees-a systematic review. The European Journal of Public Health, 28, 48–091. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky048.091
Lumley, M., Katsikitis, M., & Statham, D. (2018). Depression, Anxiety, and Acculturative Stress Among Resettled Bhutanese Refugees in Australia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49, 1269–1282. doi:10.1177/0022022118786458 Lustig, S. L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W. G., Geltman, P., Ellis, H., Kinzie, J. D., … & Saxe, G. N. (2004). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 24–36. doi:10.1097/00004583-200401000-00012
Malchiodi, C. (1998). Understanding children’s drawings. London: Jessica Kingsley. McElroy, T., Muyinda, H., Atim, S., Spittal, P., & Backman, C. (2012). War, displacement and productive occupations in northern Uganda. Journal of Occupational Science, 19, 198–212. doi:10.1080/14427591.2011.614681
Minihan, S., Liddell, B. J., Byrow, Y., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2018). Patterns and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees: A latent class analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 232, 252–259. doi:10.1016/j. jad.2018.02.010
Misalidi, P., & Bonoti, F. (2014). Children’s expressive drawing strategies: the effects of mood, age and topic. Early Child Development and Care, 184, 882–896. doi:10.1080/03004430.2013.823409
Palic, S., Kappel, M. L., Nielsen, M. S., Carlsson, J., & Bech, P. (2014). Comparison of psychiatric disability on the health of nation outcome scales (HoNOS) in resettled traumatized refugee outpatients and Danish inpatients. BMC psychiatry, 14, Article 330. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0330-8
Parsons, M. J. (1987). How we understand art: A cognitive developmental account of aesthetic experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pernice, R. (1994). Methodological issues in research with refugees and immigrants. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 207–213. doi:10.1037//0735-7028.25.3.207
Picard, D., & Gauthier, C. (2012). The development of expressive drawing abilities during childhood and into adolescence. Child Development Research, Article ID 925036. doi:10.1155/2012/925063
Picard, D., Brechet, C., & Baldy, R. (2007). Expressive Strategies in Drawing are Related to Age and Topic. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 31, 243–257. doi:10.1007/s10919-007-0035-5
Quosh, C., Eloul, L., & Ajlani, R. (2013). Mental health of refugees and displaced persons in Syria and surrounding countries: a systematic review. Intervention, 11, 276–294. doi:10.1097/wtf.0000000000000013
Rhema, S. H., Gray, A., Verbillis-Kolp, S., Farmer, B., & Hollifield, M. (2014). Mental health screening. In A. Annamalai (Ed.), Refugee health care: An essential medical guide (pp. 163–171). New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0271-2_12
Rose, S. E., Jolley, R. P., & Charman, A. (2012). An investigation of the expressive and representational drawing development in National Curriculum, Steiner and Montessori schools. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts, 6, 85–93. doi:10.1037/a0024460
Sack, W. H., Clarke, G.N., & Seeley, J. (1996). Multiple forms of stress in Cambodian adolescent refugees. Child Development, 67, 107–116. doi:10.2307/1131689 Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 537–549. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1132
Steele, W., & Kuban, C. (2013). Working with grieving and traumatized children and adolescents: Discovering what matters most through evidence-based, sensory interventions. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Teodorescu, D. S., Heir, T., Hauff, E., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Lien, L. (2012). Mental health problems and post-migration stress among multi-traumatized refugees attending outpatient clinics upon resettlement to Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 316–332. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00954.x
UNHCR (2014). The Future of Syria: Refugee Children in Crisis. Geneva: UNHCR.
UNHCR (2015). Mediterranean Sea arrivals - 2015. Data by location, country of arrival, demographic and country of origin. Retrieved from http://data.unhcr. org/ mediterranean/download.php?id=490
UNHCR (2016). Serbia Inter-agency Operational Update: April 2017 (with monthly figures). Retrieved from http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php
Vane, J. R., & Eisen, V. W. (1962). The Goodenough Draw-a-Man test and signs of maladjustment in kindergarten children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18, 276–279. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196207)18:3<276:aid-jclp2270180308>3.0.co;2-b
Vukcevic, M., Dobric, J., & Puric, D. (2014). Psychological Characteristics of Asylum seekers from Syria, in Survey of the Mental Health of Asylum seekers in Serbia. Belgrade: UNHCR. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.rs/media/Mental-HealthFinal.pdf
Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis. London: Sage.
