VALIDACIJA KOEFICIJENTA IZUZETNOSTI U PROCENI LIKOVNIH PRODUKATA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.2.227-246Ključne reči:
kreativnost, likovna produkcija, konstrukcija koeficijenta, validnost, pouzdanostApstrakt
U radu su testirane validnost i pouzdanost novog načina merenja kreativnosti produkta, putem konstruisanja koeficijenata izuzetnosti i kreativnosti. Proverena je preciznost merenja, kao i opravdanost primene koeficijenata u proceni likovnih produkata, uz poređenje sa rezultatima izvedenim iz konsenzualne tehnike procene (CAT). Postupak konstrukcije obuhvata dva koraka: 1) kategorizaciju kreativnih produkata po sličnosti, uz proveru njihove intencionalnosti, nakon čega sledi 2) izračunavanje koeficijenata izuzetnosti kao mere originalnosti pojedinačnih odgovora (količnika broja 1 i broja ispitanika koji su dali isti odgovor), i koeficijenta kreativnosti (količnika dobijenih i mogućih odgovora na nivou varijable). Validnost i pouzdanost koeficijenata izuzetnosti testirane su uz učešće 53 studenta, podeljenih u dva poduzorka: umetnička i opšta studentska populacija. Svaki student je imao zadatak da na osnovu apstraktnog stimulusa napravi svoj crtež. Potom je kreativnost njihovih crteža izmerena koeficijentima, kao i konsenzualnom tehnikom procene (Consensual Assessment Technique - CAT). Razlike u kreativnosti između umetničke i opšte studentske populacije ukazuju na diskriminativnost i kriterijumsku validnost koeficijenata. Pozitivna i statistički značajna korelacija između ekspertskih procena i koeficijenata govori u prilog konvergentne validnosti. Nalazi sugerišu da konstruisani koeficijenti omogućuju precizno i objektivno procenjivanje likovnih produkata podjednako kao i CAT, pritom su daleko dostupniji u uslovima ograničenih resursa, te se primena već sada čini opravdanom.
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Baer, J., & McKool, S. (2014) The Gold Standard for Assessing Creativity. International Journal of Quality Assurance in Engineering and Technology Education, 3(1), 81–93. doi:10.4018/ijqaete.2014010104
Bart, W. M., Hokanson, B., & Can, I. (2017). An investigation of the factor structure of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 17(2), 515–528. doi:10.12738/estp.2017.2.0051
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Davis, G. A. (1989). Testing for creative potential. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 14, 257–274. doi:10.1016/0361–476X(89)90014–3
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Einstein, A., & Infeld, L. (1938). The evolution of physics. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Feldhusen, J. F., & Goh, B. E. (1995). Assessing and accessing creativity: An integrative review of theory, research, and development. Creativity Research Journal, 8, 231–247. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj0803_3
Galati, F. (2015). Complexity of Judgment: What Makes Possible the Convergence of Expert and Nonexpert Ratings in Assessing Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 27(1), 24–30. doi:10.1080/10400419.2015.992667
Getzels, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1976). The creative vision: A longitudinal study of problem finding in art. New York: Wiley Interscience.
GlăVeanu, V. P. (2012). A Multiple Feedback Methodology for the Study of Creativity Evaluations. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 25(4), 346–366. doi:10.108 0/10720537.2012.651344
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American psychologist, 5, 444 – 454. doi:10.1037/ h0063487
Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw–Hill. Hass, R. (2013). Historiometry as Extension of the Consensual Assessment
Technique: A Comment on Kaufman and Baer. Creativity Research Journal, 25(3), 356–360. doi:10.1080/10400419.2013.813813
Heidemeier, H., & Moser, K. (2009). Self–other agreement in job performance ratings: A meta–analytic test of a process model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 353–370. doi:10.1037/0021–9010.94.2.353
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Hyeon, P. S., & Runco, A. M. (2018). A Latent Profile Analysis of the Criterion– related Validity of a Divergent Thinking Test. Creativity Research Journal, 30(2), 212–223. doi:10.1080/10400419.2018.1446751
Kaufman, J. C., & Baer, J. (2012). Beyond New and Appropriate: Who Decides What Is Creative? Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 83–91. doi:10.1080/1040041 9.2012.649237
Kaufman, J. C., Baer, J., & Cole, J. C. (2009). Expertise, Domains, and the Consensual Assessment Technique. Journal of Creative Behavior, 43(4). doi:10.1002/j.2162–6057.2009.tb01316.x
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Kaufman, J. C., Baer, J., Cole, J. C., & Sexton, J. D. (2008). A comparison of expert and nonexpert raters using the consensual assessment technique. Creativity Research Journal, 20, 171–178. doi:10.1080/10400410802059929
Kaufman, J. C., Plucker, J. A., & Baer, J. (2008). Essentials of creativity assessment. New York, NY: Wiley.
Kim, K. H. (2006). Is Creativity Unidimensional or Multidimensional? Analyses of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 18(3), 251–259. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1803_2
Kim, K. H., Cramond, B., & Bandalos, D. L. (2006). The latent structure and measurement invariance of scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking–Figural. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3). 459– 477. doi:10.1177/0013164405282456
Long, H. (2014). An Empirical Review of Research Methodologies and Methods in Creativity Studies (2003–2012). Creativity Research Journal, 26(4), 427–438. doi:10.1080/10400419.2014.961781
Lu, C. C., & Luh, D. B. (2012). A comparison of assessment methods and raters in product creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 331–337. doi:10.1080/10 400419.2012.730327
Mandić, T., & Ristić, I. (2013). Psihologija kreativnosti. Beograd: Institut za pozorište, film, radio i televiziju, Fakultet dramskih umetnosti Univerzitet umetnosti u Beogradu.
Mansfield, R. S., Busse, T. V., & Krepelka, E. J. (1978). The effectiveness of creativity training. Review of Educational Research, 48, 517–536. doi:10.3102/00346543048004517
Milgram, R. M., & Hong, E. (1993). Creative thinking and creative performance in adolescents as predictors of creative attainments in adults: A follow–up study after18years.RoeperReview,15,135–139.doi:10.1080/02783199309553487 Milošević, M. i Ristić, I. (2016). Nov metodološki pristup studijama kreativnosti. In
Medias Res časopis filozofije medija, 5(8), 1237–1250.
Milošević, M. i Ristić, I. (2017, mart). Konstrukcija i validacija koeficijenta kreativnosti. Rad prezentovan na naučnom skupu Empirijska istraživanja u psihologiji XXIII, Beograd, Srbija.
Mumford, M. D., Reiter–Palmon, R., & Redmond, M. R. (1994). Problem construction and cognition: Applying problem representations in ill–defined domains. In
M. A. Runco (Ed.), Problem finding, problem solving, and creativity (3–39). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Okuda, S. M., Runco, M. A., & Berger, D. E. (1991). Creativity and the finding and solving or real–world problems. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 9, 45–53. doi:10.1177/073428299100900104
Plucker, J. A. (1999). Is the proof in the pudding? Reanalyses of Torrance’s (1958 to Present) longitudinal data. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 103–114. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1202_3
Plucker, J. A., & Begetto, R. A. (2004). Why creativity is domain general, why it looks domain specific, and why the distinction does not matter. In R. J. Sternberg, E. L. Grigorenko, & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Creativity: From potential to realization (pp.153–167). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10692–009
Plucker, J. A., & Runco, M. (1998). The death of creativity measurement has been greatly exaggerated: Current issues, recent advances, and future directions in creativity assessment. Roeper Review, 21, 36–39. doi:10.1080/02783199809553924
Plucker, J. A., Qian, M., & Schmalensee, S. L. (2014). Is What You See What You Really Get? Comparison of Scoring Techniques in the Assessment of Real– World Divergent Thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 26(2), 135–143. doi:10.1080/10400419.2014. 901023
Plucker, J., & Makel, M. (2010). Assessment of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg, & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 48–73). New York, NY: Cambridge. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511763205.005
Priest, T. (2006). Self–evaluation, creativity, and musical achievement. Psychology of Music, 34, 47–61. doi:10.1177/0305735606059104
Proctor, R. W., & Van Zandt, T. (2008). Human factors in simple and complex systems, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Reiter–Palmon, R., Robinson–Morral, E. J., Kaufman, J. C., & Santo, J. B. (2012). Evaluation of Self–Perceptions of Creativity: Is It a Useful Criterion? Creativity Research Journal, 24(2–3), 107–114. doi:10.1080/10400419.2012.676980
Ristic, I., Skorc, B., & Mandic, T. (2016). Novelty and coherence in group creative processes. Psihologija, 49(3), 213–229. doi:10.2298/PSI1603213R
Ristić, I. (2010). Početak i kraj kreativnog procesa. Beograd: Hop.La!.
Ristić, I. i Milošević, M. (2017). Povezanost kreativne produkcije i emocionalnog doživljaja. Primenjena psihologija, 10(3), 335–353. doi:10.19090/ pp.2017.3.335–353
Runco, M. A. (1991). Divergent thinking. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Runco, M. A. (1999). Divergent and creative thinking. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. Runco, M. A., & Charles, R. E. (1993). Judgmentsoforiginality and appropriatenessas predictors of creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 537–546. doi:10.1016/0191–8869(93)90337–3
Runco, M. A., Okuda, S. M., & Thurston, B. J. (1987). The psychometric properties of four systems for scoring divergent thinking tests. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 5, 149–156. doi:10.1177/073428298700500206
Sawyers, J. K., & Canestaro, N. C. (1989). Creativity and achievement in design coursework. Creativity Research Journal, 2, 126–133. doi:10.1080/10400418909534306
Sharma, N. K., & Rastogi, D. (2009). A Multicriterial Approach to Creativity for Realistic Divergent Thinking Problems. Journal–Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(1), 9–16.
Smith, S. M., Ward, T. B., & Finke, R. A. (1995). The creative cognition approach. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Snyder, A., Mitchell, J., Bossomaier, T., & Pallier, G. (2004). The Creativity Quotient: An Objective Scoring of Ideational Fluency. Creativity Research Journal, 16(4), 415–420. doi:10.1080/10400410409534552
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51, 677–688. doi:10.1037/0003–066X.51.7.677
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., & Singer, J. L. (2004). Creativity: From potential to realization. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10692–000
Thysa, E., Sabbe, B., & De Herta, M. (2014). The assessment of creativity in creativity/ psychopathology research – a systematic review. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 19(4), 359–377. doi:10.1080/13546805.2013.877384
Torrance, E. P. (1984). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking streamlined (revised) manual Figural A and B. Bensenville, IL:Scholastic Testing Service.
Torrance, E. P. (1990). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Norms—Technical Manual Figural (streamlined) Forms A & B. Review of Psychology, 36, 275–305. Torrance, E. P. (1998). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Norms—Technical Manual Figural (streamlined) Forms A & B. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
Wakefield, J. F. (1991). The outlook for creativity tests. Journal of Creative Behavior, 25, 184–193. doi:10.1002/j.2162–6057.1991.tb01369.x
Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Modes of expertise in creative thinking: Evidence from case studies. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 761–787). New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511816796.042
Weisberg, R. W. (2015). On the Usefulness of “Value” in the Definition of Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 27(2), 111–124. doi:10.1080/10400419.2015.1030320
Zeng, L., Proctor, R. W., & Salvendy, G. (2011). Can Traditional Divergent Thinking Tests Be Trusted in Measuring and Predicting Real–World Creativity? Creativity Research Journal, 23(1), 24–37. doi:10.1080/10400419.2011.545713
Baer, J., & McKool, S. (2014) The Gold Standard for Assessing Creativity. International Journal of Quality Assurance in Engineering and Technology Education, 3(1), 81–93. doi:10.4018/ijqaete.2014010104
Bart, W. M., Hokanson, B., & Can, I. (2017). An investigation of the factor structure of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 17(2), 515–528. doi:10.12738/estp.2017.2.0051
Cropley, D. H., & Cropley, A. J. (2010). Recognizing and fostering creativity in design education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 20, 345–358. doi:10.1007/s10798–009–9089–5
Davis, G. A. (1989). Testing for creative potential. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 14, 257–274. doi:10.1016/0361–476X(89)90014–3
Diedrich, J., Benedek, M., Jauk, E., & Neubauer, A. (2015). Are creative ideas novel and useful? Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9(1), 35–40. doi:10.1037/a0038688
Einstein, A., & Infeld, L. (1938). The evolution of physics. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Feldhusen, J. F., & Goh, B. E. (1995). Assessing and accessing creativity: An integrative review of theory, research, and development. Creativity Research Journal, 8, 231–247. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj0803_3
Galati, F. (2015). Complexity of Judgment: What Makes Possible the Convergence of Expert and Nonexpert Ratings in Assessing Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 27(1), 24–30. doi:10.1080/10400419.2015.992667
Getzels, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1976). The creative vision: A longitudinal study of problem finding in art. New York: Wiley Interscience.
GlăVeanu, V. P. (2012). A Multiple Feedback Methodology for the Study of Creativity Evaluations. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 25(4), 346–366. doi:10.108 0/10720537.2012.651344
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American psychologist, 5, 444 – 454. doi:10.1037/ h0063487
Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw–Hill. Hass, R. (2013). Historiometry as Extension of the Consensual Assessment
Technique: A Comment on Kaufman and Baer. Creativity Research Journal, 25(3), 356–360. doi:10.1080/10400419.2013.813813
Heidemeier, H., & Moser, K. (2009). Self–other agreement in job performance ratings: A meta–analytic test of a process model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 353–370. doi:10.1037/0021–9010.94.2.353
Hocevar, D., & Bachelor, P. (1989). A taxonomy and critique of measurements used in the study of creativity. In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 53–75). New York, NY: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978–1–4757–5356–1_3
Hong, E., Milgram, R. M., & Gorsky, H. (1995). Original thinking as a predictor of creative performance in young children. Roeper Review, 18, 147–149. doi:10.1080/02783199509553720
Hyeon, P. S., & Runco, A. M. (2018). A Latent Profile Analysis of the Criterion– related Validity of a Divergent Thinking Test. Creativity Research Journal, 30(2), 212–223. doi:10.1080/10400419.2018.1446751
Kaufman, J. C., & Baer, J. (2012). Beyond New and Appropriate: Who Decides What Is Creative? Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 83–91. doi:10.1080/1040041 9.2012.649237
Kaufman, J. C., Baer, J., & Cole, J. C. (2009). Expertise, Domains, and the Consensual Assessment Technique. Journal of Creative Behavior, 43(4). doi:10.1002/j.2162–6057.2009.tb01316.x
Kaufman, J. C., Baer, J., Agars, M. D., & Loomis, D. (2010). Creativity Stereotypes and the Consensual Assessment Technique. Creativity Research Journal, 22(2), 200–205. doi:10.1080/10400419.2010.481529
Kaufman, J. C., Baer, J., Cole, J. C., & Sexton, J. D. (2008). A comparison of expert and nonexpert raters using the consensual assessment technique. Creativity Research Journal, 20, 171–178. doi:10.1080/10400410802059929
Kaufman, J. C., Plucker, J. A., & Baer, J. (2008). Essentials of creativity assessment. New York, NY: Wiley.
Kim, K. H. (2006). Is Creativity Unidimensional or Multidimensional? Analyses of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 18(3), 251–259. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1803_2
Kim, K. H., Cramond, B., & Bandalos, D. L. (2006). The latent structure and measurement invariance of scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking–Figural. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3). 459– 477. doi:10.1177/0013164405282456
Long, H. (2014). An Empirical Review of Research Methodologies and Methods in Creativity Studies (2003–2012). Creativity Research Journal, 26(4), 427–438. doi:10.1080/10400419.2014.961781
Lu, C. C., & Luh, D. B. (2012). A comparison of assessment methods and raters in product creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 331–337. doi:10.1080/10 400419.2012.730327
Mandić, T., & Ristić, I. (2013). Psihologija kreativnosti. Beograd: Institut za pozorište, film, radio i televiziju, Fakultet dramskih umetnosti Univerzitet umetnosti u Beogradu.
Mansfield, R. S., Busse, T. V., & Krepelka, E. J. (1978). The effectiveness of creativity training. Review of Educational Research, 48, 517–536. doi:10.3102/00346543048004517
Milgram, R. M., & Hong, E. (1993). Creative thinking and creative performance in adolescents as predictors of creative attainments in adults: A follow–up study after18years.RoeperReview,15,135–139.doi:10.1080/02783199309553487 Milošević, M. i Ristić, I. (2016). Nov metodološki pristup studijama kreativnosti. In
Medias Res časopis filozofije medija, 5(8), 1237–1250.
Milošević, M. i Ristić, I. (2017, mart). Konstrukcija i validacija koeficijenta kreativnosti. Rad prezentovan na naučnom skupu Empirijska istraživanja u psihologiji XXIII, Beograd, Srbija.
Mumford, M. D., Reiter–Palmon, R., & Redmond, M. R. (1994). Problem construction and cognition: Applying problem representations in ill–defined domains. In
M. A. Runco (Ed.), Problem finding, problem solving, and creativity (3–39). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Okuda, S. M., Runco, M. A., & Berger, D. E. (1991). Creativity and the finding and solving or real–world problems. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 9, 45–53. doi:10.1177/073428299100900104
Plucker, J. A. (1999). Is the proof in the pudding? Reanalyses of Torrance’s (1958 to Present) longitudinal data. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 103–114. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1202_3
Plucker, J. A., & Begetto, R. A. (2004). Why creativity is domain general, why it looks domain specific, and why the distinction does not matter. In R. J. Sternberg, E. L. Grigorenko, & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Creativity: From potential to realization (pp.153–167). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10692–009
Plucker, J. A., & Runco, M. (1998). The death of creativity measurement has been greatly exaggerated: Current issues, recent advances, and future directions in creativity assessment. Roeper Review, 21, 36–39. doi:10.1080/02783199809553924
Plucker, J. A., Qian, M., & Schmalensee, S. L. (2014). Is What You See What You Really Get? Comparison of Scoring Techniques in the Assessment of Real– World Divergent Thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 26(2), 135–143. doi:10.1080/10400419.2014. 901023
Plucker, J., & Makel, M. (2010). Assessment of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg, & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of creativity (pp. 48–73). New York, NY: Cambridge. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511763205.005
Priest, T. (2006). Self–evaluation, creativity, and musical achievement. Psychology of Music, 34, 47–61. doi:10.1177/0305735606059104
Proctor, R. W., & Van Zandt, T. (2008). Human factors in simple and complex systems, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Reiter–Palmon, R., Robinson–Morral, E. J., Kaufman, J. C., & Santo, J. B. (2012). Evaluation of Self–Perceptions of Creativity: Is It a Useful Criterion? Creativity Research Journal, 24(2–3), 107–114. doi:10.1080/10400419.2012.676980
Ristic, I., Skorc, B., & Mandic, T. (2016). Novelty and coherence in group creative processes. Psihologija, 49(3), 213–229. doi:10.2298/PSI1603213R
Ristić, I. (2010). Početak i kraj kreativnog procesa. Beograd: Hop.La!.
Ristić, I. i Milošević, M. (2017). Povezanost kreativne produkcije i emocionalnog doživljaja. Primenjena psihologija, 10(3), 335–353. doi:10.19090/ pp.2017.3.335–353
Runco, M. A. (1991). Divergent thinking. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Runco, M. A. (1999). Divergent and creative thinking. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. Runco, M. A., & Charles, R. E. (1993). Judgmentsoforiginality and appropriatenessas predictors of creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 537–546. doi:10.1016/0191–8869(93)90337–3
Runco, M. A., Okuda, S. M., & Thurston, B. J. (1987). The psychometric properties of four systems for scoring divergent thinking tests. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 5, 149–156. doi:10.1177/073428298700500206
Sawyers, J. K., & Canestaro, N. C. (1989). Creativity and achievement in design coursework. Creativity Research Journal, 2, 126–133. doi:10.1080/10400418909534306
Sharma, N. K., & Rastogi, D. (2009). A Multicriterial Approach to Creativity for Realistic Divergent Thinking Problems. Journal–Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(1), 9–16.
Smith, S. M., Ward, T. B., & Finke, R. A. (1995). The creative cognition approach. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Snyder, A., Mitchell, J., Bossomaier, T., & Pallier, G. (2004). The Creativity Quotient: An Objective Scoring of Ideational Fluency. Creativity Research Journal, 16(4), 415–420. doi:10.1080/10400410409534552
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51, 677–688. doi:10.1037/0003–066X.51.7.677
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., & Singer, J. L. (2004). Creativity: From potential to realization. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10692–000
Thysa, E., Sabbe, B., & De Herta, M. (2014). The assessment of creativity in creativity/ psychopathology research – a systematic review. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 19(4), 359–377. doi:10.1080/13546805.2013.877384
Torrance, E. P. (1984). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking streamlined (revised) manual Figural A and B. Bensenville, IL:Scholastic Testing Service.
Torrance, E. P. (1990). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Norms—Technical Manual Figural (streamlined) Forms A & B. Review of Psychology, 36, 275–305. Torrance, E. P. (1998). The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Norms—Technical Manual Figural (streamlined) Forms A & B. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
Wakefield, J. F. (1991). The outlook for creativity tests. Journal of Creative Behavior, 25, 184–193. doi:10.1002/j.2162–6057.1991.tb01369.x
Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Modes of expertise in creative thinking: Evidence from case studies. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 761–787). New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511816796.042
Weisberg, R. W. (2015). On the Usefulness of “Value” in the Definition of Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 27(2), 111–124. doi:10.1080/10400419.2015.1030320
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