ISTRAŽIVANJE MOGUĆNOSTI ZA GRAMATIČKO PRIMOVANJE VIZUELNO PRIKAZANIH REČI POMOĆU ERP-a
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.1.127-142Ključne reči:
gramatičko primovanje, odball paradigma, ERPApstrakt
U potrazi za optimalnim metodom proučavanja efekata gramatičkog konteksta na obradu pojedinačnih reči, izveli smo istraživanje kojim smo pokazali da u jednostavnom "odball" zadatku sa vizuelnim prikazivanjem ispitanici čitaju i jezički obrađuju obe reči u simultano prikazanim parovima. Karakteristike ERP "odball" paradigme dopuštaju pretpostavku da će parovi reči pobuditi potencijal P300, te da će fine razlike između potencijala evociranih gramatički saglasnim i gramatički neutralnim parovima ukazati na svojstva njihove kognitivne obrade. Imenica i glagol upareni su sa saglasnim predlogom, odnosno sa ličnom zamenicom, radi kreiranja gramatički ograničavajućeg konteksta, ili sa gramatički neutralnim veznikom radi kreiranja slobodnog konteksta. Takvi stimulusi prikazani su u "odball" paradigmi sa dva stimulusa. Glavni ishod našeg eksperimenta je da su odabrani parovi reči pobudili jasan potencijal P300 u tri od četiri eksperimentalne situacije. Interesantno je da je u svakoj od tih situacija P300 dostigao vrhunac tek nakon 400 ms, što je otklon koje se približava gornjoj granici uobičajenog javljanja P300 i smatra se obeležjem semantičke obrade (Polich, 2007). Ovakav rezultat pokazuje da su ispitanici pročitali i jezički obradili obe reči u parovima. Naši nalazi sugerišu da u cilju proučavanja efekata gramatičkog konteksta na obradu vizuelno prikazanih reči standardni postupak primovanja, u kojem reči-primovi prethode prikazu reči-meta, nije nužan. U najmanju ruku može se zaključiti da postupak jednovremenog prikazivanja reči korišćen u ovoj studiji, uz zadatak čitanja u sebi, može predstavljati dopunu ili zamenu postupka primovanja u istraživanjima delovanja gramatičkog konteksta na obradu pojedinačnih reči, budući da je poznato da postupak primovanja nosi sa sobom metodološke teškoće.
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Ković, V., Sovilj, P., & Gvozdenović, V. (in preparation). ERP correlates of illusory contours: an odd-ball paradigm.
Kutas, M., Hillyard, S. A., & Donchin, E. (1977). Augmenting mental chronometry: The P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. Science, 197, 792795. doi: 10.1126/science.887923
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Lalović, D. (2010). Grammatical priming does facilitate visual word naming, at least in Serbian. International Journal Information Technologies and Knowledge, 4(3), 203–215.
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Lukatela, G., Kostić, A., Feldman, L. B., & Turvey, M. T. (1983). Grammatical priming of inflected nouns. Memory and Cognition, 1, 59–63. doi:org/10.3758/BF03197662
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Lupker, S. J. (2005). Visual Word Recognition: Theories and Findings. In M. J. Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds.), The Science of Reading: A Handbook (pp. 39–60). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic context effects on visual word processing: A hybrid prospective/retrospective processing theory. In D. Besner & G. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 236–264). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Neely, J. H., Keefe, D. E., & Ross, K. L. (1989). Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retrospective semantic matching. Journal or Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1003–1019. doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1003
Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(10), 2128–2148. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019
Polich, J. (2012). Neuropsychology of P300. In S. J. Luck & E. S. Kappenman (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components (pp. 159188). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195374148.001.0001
Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 55–85). Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.
Renault, B., Ragot, R., Lesevre, N., & Remond, A. (1982). Onset and offset of brain event as indeces of mental chronometry. Science, 215, 14131415. doi:10.1126/science.7063853
Ritter, W., Simson, R., & Vaughan, H. G. (1983). Event-related potential correlates of two stages of information processing in physical and semantic discrimination tasks. Psychophysiology, 20(2), 168179. doi:org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03283.x
Seidenberg, M. S., Waters, G. S., Sanders, M., & Langer, P. (1984). Pre- and postlexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition. Memory & Cognition, 12(4), 315–328. doi:10.3758/BF03198291
Sereno, J. A. (1991). Graphemic, associative, and syntactic priming effects at a brief stimulus onset asynchrony in lexical decision and naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 3, 459–477. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.3.459
Shilling, H. E. H., Rayner, K., & Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision and eye fixation times: Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition, 26(6), 12701281. doi:10.3758/BF03201199
Sovilj, P., Davidović, D., Beljić, Ž., & Ković, V. (2011). Measurement and processing of event-related brain potential records. Proceedings of papers Telfor 2011, 683–686. doi:10.1109/TELFOR.2011.6143638
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643662. doi:10.1037/h0054651
Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1965). Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science, 15, 11871188. doi:10.1126/science.150.3700.1187
West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Robust effects of syntactic structure on visual word processing. Memory & Cognition, 14(2), 104–112. doi:10.3758/BF03198370
Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychology. New York: H. Holt and Company.
Wright, B., & Garret, M. (1984). Lexical decision in sentences: Effects of syntactic structure. Memory & Cognition, 12, 31–45. doi:10.3758/BF03196995
Yap, M., & Balota, D. (2015). Visual Word Recognition. In A. Pollastsek & R. Treiman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Reading (pp. 26–43). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.001.0001
Zevin, J. D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2006). Simulating consistency effects and individual differences in nonword naming: A comparison of current models. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 145–160. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.002
Bowey, J. A. (1996). Grammatical priming of visual word recognition in fourth-grade children. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 1005–1023. doi:10.1080/027249896392414
Carello, C., Lukatela, G., & Turvey, M. T. (1988). Rapid naming is affected by association but not by syntax. Memory and Cognition, 3, 187–195. doi:10.3758/BF03197751
Cortese, M. J., & Balota, D. A. (2013). Visual word recognition in skilled adult readers. In M. J. Spivey, K. McRae, & M. F. Joanisse (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 159–185). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Donchin, E. (1981). Surprise!...Surprise?. Psychophysiology, 18, 493–513. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01815.x
Eddy, M., Schmid, A., & Holcomb, P. J. (2006). Masked repetition priming and event-related brain potentials: A new approach for tracking the time-course of object perception. Psychophysiology, 43(6), 564–568. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00455.x
Goodman, G. O., McClelland, J. L., & Gibbs, R. W. (1981). The role of syntactic context in word recognition. Memory & Cognition, 9(6), 580–586. doi:10.3758/BF03202352
Gurjanov, M., Lukatela, G., Lukatela, K., Savić, M., & Turvey, M. T. (1985). Grammatical priming of inflected nouns by the gender of possessive adjectives. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 4, 692–701. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.11.1-4.692
Gurjanov, M., Lukatela, G., Moskovljević, J., Savić, M., & Turvey, M. T. (1985). Grammatical priming of inflected nouns by inflected adjectives. Cognition, 19, 55–71. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90031-9
Houdé, O. (Ed.). (2004). Dictionary of Cognitive Science. New York and London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis (Psychology Press).
Katz, L., Rexer, K., & Peter, M. (1995). Case morphology and thematic role in word recognition. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological Aspects of Language Processing (pp. 79–107). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ković, V., Sovilj, P., & Gvozdenović, V. (in preparation). ERP correlates of illusory contours: an odd-ball paradigm.
Kutas, M., Hillyard, S. A., & Donchin, E. (1977). Augmenting mental chronometry: The P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. Science, 197, 792795. doi: 10.1126/science.887923
Lalović, D. (2006). Verbalna sposobnost i korišćenje gramatičke informacije u srpskom jeziku. Zbornik Instituta za pedagoška istraživanja, 38, 229–316. doi: 10.2298/ZIPI0602317L
Lalović, D. (2010). Grammatical priming does facilitate visual word naming, at least in Serbian. International Journal Information Technologies and Knowledge, 4(3), 203–215.
Luce, D. R. (1986). Response Times: Their Role in Inferring Elementary Mental Organization. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195070019.001.000
Luck, S. J. (2005). An Introduction to Event-Related Potentials and Their Neural Origins. Boston: MIT Press.
Luck, S. J. (2014). An Introduction to the EventRelated Potential Technique, Second Edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lukatela, G., Kostić, A., Feldman, L. B., & Turvey, M. T. (1983). Grammatical priming of inflected nouns. Memory and Cognition, 1, 59–63. doi:org/10.3758/BF03197662
Lukatela, G., Kostić, A., Todorović, D., Carello, C., & Turvey, M. T. (1987). Type and number of violations and the grammatical congruency effect in lexical decision. Psychological Research, 49, 37–43. doi.org/10.1007/BF00309201
Lukatela, G., Morača, J., Stojnov, D., Savić, M. D., Katz, L., & Turvey, M. T. (1982). Grammatical priming effects between pronouns and inflected verb forms. Psychological Research, 44, 297–311. doi: 10.1007%252FBF00309326
Lupker, S. J. (2005). Visual Word Recognition: Theories and Findings. In M. J. Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds.), The Science of Reading: A Handbook (pp. 39–60). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic context effects on visual word processing: A hybrid prospective/retrospective processing theory. In D. Besner & G. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 236–264). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Neely, J. H., Keefe, D. E., & Ross, K. L. (1989). Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retrospective semantic matching. Journal or Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1003–1019. doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1003
Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(10), 2128–2148. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019
Polich, J. (2012). Neuropsychology of P300. In S. J. Luck & E. S. Kappenman (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components (pp. 159188). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195374148.001.0001
Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 55–85). Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.
Renault, B., Ragot, R., Lesevre, N., & Remond, A. (1982). Onset and offset of brain event as indeces of mental chronometry. Science, 215, 14131415. doi:10.1126/science.7063853
Ritter, W., Simson, R., & Vaughan, H. G. (1983). Event-related potential correlates of two stages of information processing in physical and semantic discrimination tasks. Psychophysiology, 20(2), 168179. doi:org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03283.x
Seidenberg, M. S., Waters, G. S., Sanders, M., & Langer, P. (1984). Pre- and postlexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition. Memory & Cognition, 12(4), 315–328. doi:10.3758/BF03198291
Sereno, J. A. (1991). Graphemic, associative, and syntactic priming effects at a brief stimulus onset asynchrony in lexical decision and naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 3, 459–477. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.3.459
Shilling, H. E. H., Rayner, K., & Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision and eye fixation times: Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition, 26(6), 12701281. doi:10.3758/BF03201199
Sovilj, P., Davidović, D., Beljić, Ž., & Ković, V. (2011). Measurement and processing of event-related brain potential records. Proceedings of papers Telfor 2011, 683–686. doi:10.1109/TELFOR.2011.6143638
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643662. doi:10.1037/h0054651
Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1965). Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science, 15, 11871188. doi:10.1126/science.150.3700.1187
West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Robust effects of syntactic structure on visual word processing. Memory & Cognition, 14(2), 104–112. doi:10.3758/BF03198370
Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychology. New York: H. Holt and Company.
Wright, B., & Garret, M. (1984). Lexical decision in sentences: Effects of syntactic structure. Memory & Cognition, 12, 31–45. doi:10.3758/BF03196995
Yap, M., & Balota, D. (2015). Visual Word Recognition. In A. Pollastsek & R. Treiman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Reading (pp. 26–43). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.001.0001
Zevin, J. D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2006). Simulating consistency effects and individual differences in nonword naming: A comparison of current models. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 145–160. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.002
