THE ROLE OF LONELINESS IN THE RELATION BETWEEN HEALTH AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING IN OLD AGE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2017.3.355-373Ključne reči:
age old, loneliness, health status, subjective well-beingApstrakt
Loneliness is a construct which faces a growth of scientific attention in dealing with the elderly population. Although old people loose objectively numerous close or distant relations in this phase of life, loneliness is considered to be a result of a person's subjective evaluation. When it comes to the relation of health and subjective well-being in old age, results of previous studies have been inconsistent. This research explored the manner loneliness influences the relation between old persons' health and their level of subjective well-being. The sample consisting of 204 elderly person from the Republic of Serbia was collected during the second half of 2014. 121 participants of the total sample were female (59.3%), ranging from 65 to 92 years of age (М = 72.57). Two measures of health status (objective and subjective), individual cognitive and affective indicators of subjective well-being (life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and distress) as well as measure of loneliness were administered at the same time point. Eight hierarchical regression analyses were performed on the collected data with indicators of health as predictors and loneliness as moderator. The results suggest that loneliness presents a significant deteriorating factor of good adaptation in old age. While exploring moderational roles of loneliness, only one significant interaction was gained (β = .23, p < .01). Loneliness demonstrated an interactive effect with the subjective assessment of health when it comes to evaluation of life satisfaction in the elderly. People who assessed themselves as unhealthy reported lower life satisfaction but only if they demonstrated high levels of loneliness, while this relation did not reach a level of significance if people did not perceive themselves as lonely.
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Andersen-Ranberg, K., Schroll, M., & Jeune, B. (2001). Healthy centenarians do not exist, but autonomous centenarians do: A population-based study of morbidity among Danish centenarians. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49, 900–908. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49180.x
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
Benjamins, M. R., Hummer, R. A., Eberstein, I. W., & Nam, C. B. (2004). Self-reported health and adult mortality risk: An analysis of cause-specific mortality. Social Science & Medicine, 59, 1297–1306. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.01.001
Buchman, A. S., Boyle, P. A., Wilson, R. S., Fleischman, D. A., Leurgans, S., & Bennett, D. A. (2009). Association between late-life social activity and motor decline in older adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169, 1139–1146. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.135
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Crawford, E., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., Kowalewski, R. B., . . . Berntson, G. G. (2002). Loneliness and health: Potential mechanisms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 407–417. doi:10.1097/00006842-200205000-00005
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., & Berntson, G. G. (2011). Social isolation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231, 17–22. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.x
Carstensen, L. L. (1991). Socioemotional selectivity theory: Social activity in life-span context. Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, 11, 195–217.
Carstensen, L. L., Mikels, J. A., & Mather, M. (2006). Aging and the intersection of cognition, motivation, and emotion. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (6th ed., pp. 343–362). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B9-78-012101-2/64950-0185
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Emotion regulation in aging. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 307–327). New York: Guilford.
Cho, J., Martin, P., Margrett, J., MacDonald, M., & Poon, L. W. (2011). The relationship between physical health and psychological well-being among oldest-old adults. Journal of Aging Reseach, 2011, 1–8. doi:10.4061/2011/605041
Damian, J., Ruigomez, A., Pastor, V., & Martin-Moreno, J. M. (1999). Determinants of self assessed health among Spanish older people living at home. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 53, 412–416. doi:10.1136/jech.53.7.412
de Jong Gierveld J., & Kamphuis, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 289–299. doi:10.1177/014662168500900307
de Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. (1999). Manual of the Loneliness Scale. Amsterdam: VU University.
de Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. (2006). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28, 582–598. doi:10.1177/0164027506289723
DeWall, C. N., & Pond, R. S. (2011). Loneliness and smoking: The costs of the desire to reconnect. Self and Identity, 10, 375–385. doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.524404
Diener, E., Inglehart, R., & Tay, L. (2013). Theory and validity of life satisfaction measures. Social Indicators Research, 112, 497–527.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Dykstra, P. A., Van Tilburg, T. G., & de Jong Gierveld, J. (2005). Changes in older adult loneliness results from a seven-year longitudinal study. Research on Aging, 27, 725–747. doi:10.1177/0164027505279712
Ekwall, A. K., Sivberg, B., & Hallberg, I. R. (2005). Loneliness as a predictor of quality of life among older caregivers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49, 23–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03260.x
Eng, P. M., Rimm, E. B., Fitzmaurice, G., & Kawachi, I. (2002). Social ties and change in social ties in relation to subsequent total and cause-specific mortality and coronary heart disease incidence in men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 700–709. doi:10.1093/aje/155.8.700
Goldberg, P., Gueguen, A., Schmaus, A., Nakache, J. P., & Goldberg, M. (2001). Longitudinal study of associations between perceived health status and self reported diseases in the French Gazel cohort. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 55, 233–238. doi: 10.1136/jech.55.4.233
Green, B. H., Copeland, J. R., Dewey, M. E., Shamra, V., Saunders, P. A., Davidson, I. A., . . . McWilliam, C. (1992). Risk factors for depression in elderly people: A prospective study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 213–217. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03254.x
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Aging and loneliness: Downhill quickly? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 187–191. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00501.x
Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 132–141. doi:10.1037/a0017805
Huelsman, T. J., Furr, R. M., & Nemanick, R. C., Jr. (2003). Measurement of dispositional affect: construct validity and convergence with a circumplex model of affect. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 655–673. doi:10.1177/0013164403251331
Jakobsson, U., & Hallberg, I. R. (2005). Loneliness, fear, and quality of life among elderly in Sweden: a gender perspective. Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research, 17, 494–501. doi:10.1007/BF03327417
Jovanović, V. i Gavrilov-Jerković, V. (2015). Validacija srpskog prevoda skale socijalne podrške MOS-SSS. Primenjena psihologija, 8, 245–264. doi:10.19090/pp.2015.3.245-264
Jovanović, V., Gavrilov-Jerković, V., Žuljević, D., & Brdarić, D. (2014). Psychometric evaluation of the depression anxiety stress scales-21 (DASS-21) in a Serbian student sample. Psihologija, 47, 93–112. doi:10.2298/PSI1401093J
Kaasa, K. (1998). Loneliness in old age: Psychosocial and health predictors. Norwegian Journal of Epidemiology, 8, 195–201. doi:10.5324/nje.v8i2.468
Kaplan, G. A., Goldberg, D. E., Everson, S. A., Cohen, R. D., Salonen, R., Tuomilehto, J., & Salonen, J. (1996). Perceived health status and morbidity and mortality: Evidence from the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 259–265. doi:10.1093/ije/25.2.259
Lang, F. R., Staudinger, U. M., & Carstensen, L. L. (1998). Perspectives on socioemotional selectivity in late life: How personality and social context do (and do not) make a difference. Journal of Gerontology, 53, 21–30. doi:10.1093/geronb/53B.1.P21
Laukka, P. (2007). Uses of music and psychological well-being among the elderly. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 215–241. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9024-3
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335–343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
McHugh, J. E., & Lawlor, B. A. (2013). Perceived stress mediates the relationship between emotional loneliness and sleep quality over time in older adults. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 546–555. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02101.x
Međedović, J. (2013). Analiza interakcija prediktora u modelima linearne regresije: primer stranačke evaluacije. Primenjena psihologija, 6, 267–286.
Mroczek, D. K. (2001). Age and emotion in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 87–90. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00122
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the veterans affairs normative aging study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 189–202. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.189
Perissinotto, C. M., Stijacic-Cenzer, I., & Covinsky, K. E. (2012). Loneliness in older persons: A predictor of functional decline and death. Archieves of Internal Medicine, 172, 1078–1083. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1993
Robinson, C., & Schumacher., R. E. (2009). Interaction effects: Centering, variance inflation factor, and interpretation issues. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 35, 6–11.
Santrock, J. (1997). Life-span development (6th ed.). Chicago: Brown & Benchmark.
Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2002). Adult development and aging (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Segrin, C., & Domschke, T. (2011). Social support, loneliness, recuperative processes, and their direct and indirect effects on health. Health Communication, 26, 221–232.
Stek, M. L., Vinkers, D. J., Gussekloo, J., Beekman, A. T., van der Mast, R. C., & Westendorp, R. G. (2005). Is depression in old age fatal only when people feel lonely? American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 178–180. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.178
Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 9985–9990. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003744107
Sundström G., Fransson E., Malmberg B., & Davey A. (2009). Loneliness among older Europeans. European Journal of Ageing, 6, 267–275. doi:10.1007/s10433-009-0134-8
Theeke, L. A. (2009). Predictors of loneliness in US adults over age sixty-five. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 23, 387–396.
Wenger, G. C., Davies, R., Shahtahmasebi, S., & Scot, A. (1996). Social isolation and loneliness in old age: Review and model refinement. Ageing and Society, 16, 333–358. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X00003457
World Health Organization (2012). Good health adds life to year: Global brief for World Health Day 2012. WHO Document Production Services, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Preuzeto 01.06.2013. sa http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70853/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2012.2_eng.pdf
Wu, S., Wang, R., Zhao, Y., Ma, X., Wu, M., Yan, X., & He, J. (2013). The relationship between self-rated health and objective health status: A population-based study. BMC Public Health, 13, 1–9. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-320
Andersen-Ranberg, K., Schroll, M., & Jeune, B. (2001). Healthy centenarians do not exist, but autonomous centenarians do: A population-based study of morbidity among Danish centenarians. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49, 900–908. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49180.x
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
Benjamins, M. R., Hummer, R. A., Eberstein, I. W., & Nam, C. B. (2004). Self-reported health and adult mortality risk: An analysis of cause-specific mortality. Social Science & Medicine, 59, 1297–1306. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.01.001
Buchman, A. S., Boyle, P. A., Wilson, R. S., Fleischman, D. A., Leurgans, S., & Bennett, D. A. (2009). Association between late-life social activity and motor decline in older adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169, 1139–1146. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.135
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Crawford, E., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., Kowalewski, R. B., . . . Berntson, G. G. (2002). Loneliness and health: Potential mechanisms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 407–417. doi:10.1097/00006842-200205000-00005
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., & Berntson, G. G. (2011). Social isolation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231, 17–22. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.x
Carstensen, L. L. (1991). Socioemotional selectivity theory: Social activity in life-span context. Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, 11, 195–217.
Carstensen, L. L., Mikels, J. A., & Mather, M. (2006). Aging and the intersection of cognition, motivation, and emotion. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (6th ed., pp. 343–362). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B9-78-012101-2/64950-0185
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Emotion regulation in aging. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 307–327). New York: Guilford.
Cho, J., Martin, P., Margrett, J., MacDonald, M., & Poon, L. W. (2011). The relationship between physical health and psychological well-being among oldest-old adults. Journal of Aging Reseach, 2011, 1–8. doi:10.4061/2011/605041
Damian, J., Ruigomez, A., Pastor, V., & Martin-Moreno, J. M. (1999). Determinants of self assessed health among Spanish older people living at home. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 53, 412–416. doi:10.1136/jech.53.7.412
de Jong Gierveld J., & Kamphuis, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 289–299. doi:10.1177/014662168500900307
de Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. (1999). Manual of the Loneliness Scale. Amsterdam: VU University.
de Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. (2006). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28, 582–598. doi:10.1177/0164027506289723
DeWall, C. N., & Pond, R. S. (2011). Loneliness and smoking: The costs of the desire to reconnect. Self and Identity, 10, 375–385. doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.524404
Diener, E., Inglehart, R., & Tay, L. (2013). Theory and validity of life satisfaction measures. Social Indicators Research, 112, 497–527.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Dykstra, P. A., Van Tilburg, T. G., & de Jong Gierveld, J. (2005). Changes in older adult loneliness results from a seven-year longitudinal study. Research on Aging, 27, 725–747. doi:10.1177/0164027505279712
Ekwall, A. K., Sivberg, B., & Hallberg, I. R. (2005). Loneliness as a predictor of quality of life among older caregivers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49, 23–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03260.x
Eng, P. M., Rimm, E. B., Fitzmaurice, G., & Kawachi, I. (2002). Social ties and change in social ties in relation to subsequent total and cause-specific mortality and coronary heart disease incidence in men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 700–709. doi:10.1093/aje/155.8.700
Goldberg, P., Gueguen, A., Schmaus, A., Nakache, J. P., & Goldberg, M. (2001). Longitudinal study of associations between perceived health status and self reported diseases in the French Gazel cohort. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 55, 233–238. doi: 10.1136/jech.55.4.233
Green, B. H., Copeland, J. R., Dewey, M. E., Shamra, V., Saunders, P. A., Davidson, I. A., . . . McWilliam, C. (1992). Risk factors for depression in elderly people: A prospective study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 213–217. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03254.x
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Aging and loneliness: Downhill quickly? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 187–191. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00501.x
Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 132–141. doi:10.1037/a0017805
Huelsman, T. J., Furr, R. M., & Nemanick, R. C., Jr. (2003). Measurement of dispositional affect: construct validity and convergence with a circumplex model of affect. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 655–673. doi:10.1177/0013164403251331
Jakobsson, U., & Hallberg, I. R. (2005). Loneliness, fear, and quality of life among elderly in Sweden: a gender perspective. Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research, 17, 494–501. doi:10.1007/BF03327417
Jovanović, V. i Gavrilov-Jerković, V. (2015). Validacija srpskog prevoda skale socijalne podrške MOS-SSS. Primenjena psihologija, 8, 245–264. doi:10.19090/pp.2015.3.245-264
Jovanović, V., Gavrilov-Jerković, V., Žuljević, D., & Brdarić, D. (2014). Psychometric evaluation of the depression anxiety stress scales-21 (DASS-21) in a Serbian student sample. Psihologija, 47, 93–112. doi:10.2298/PSI1401093J
Kaasa, K. (1998). Loneliness in old age: Psychosocial and health predictors. Norwegian Journal of Epidemiology, 8, 195–201. doi:10.5324/nje.v8i2.468
Kaplan, G. A., Goldberg, D. E., Everson, S. A., Cohen, R. D., Salonen, R., Tuomilehto, J., & Salonen, J. (1996). Perceived health status and morbidity and mortality: Evidence from the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 259–265. doi:10.1093/ije/25.2.259
Lang, F. R., Staudinger, U. M., & Carstensen, L. L. (1998). Perspectives on socioemotional selectivity in late life: How personality and social context do (and do not) make a difference. Journal of Gerontology, 53, 21–30. doi:10.1093/geronb/53B.1.P21
Laukka, P. (2007). Uses of music and psychological well-being among the elderly. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 215–241. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9024-3
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335–343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
McHugh, J. E., & Lawlor, B. A. (2013). Perceived stress mediates the relationship between emotional loneliness and sleep quality over time in older adults. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 546–555. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02101.x
Međedović, J. (2013). Analiza interakcija prediktora u modelima linearne regresije: primer stranačke evaluacije. Primenjena psihologija, 6, 267–286.
Mroczek, D. K. (2001). Age and emotion in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 87–90. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00122
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the veterans affairs normative aging study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 189–202. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.189
Perissinotto, C. M., Stijacic-Cenzer, I., & Covinsky, K. E. (2012). Loneliness in older persons: A predictor of functional decline and death. Archieves of Internal Medicine, 172, 1078–1083. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1993
Robinson, C., & Schumacher., R. E. (2009). Interaction effects: Centering, variance inflation factor, and interpretation issues. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 35, 6–11.
Santrock, J. (1997). Life-span development (6th ed.). Chicago: Brown & Benchmark.
Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2002). Adult development and aging (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Segrin, C., & Domschke, T. (2011). Social support, loneliness, recuperative processes, and their direct and indirect effects on health. Health Communication, 26, 221–232.
Stek, M. L., Vinkers, D. J., Gussekloo, J., Beekman, A. T., van der Mast, R. C., & Westendorp, R. G. (2005). Is depression in old age fatal only when people feel lonely? American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 178–180. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.178
Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 9985–9990. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003744107
Sundström G., Fransson E., Malmberg B., & Davey A. (2009). Loneliness among older Europeans. European Journal of Ageing, 6, 267–275. doi:10.1007/s10433-009-0134-8
Theeke, L. A. (2009). Predictors of loneliness in US adults over age sixty-five. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 23, 387–396.
Wenger, G. C., Davies, R., Shahtahmasebi, S., & Scot, A. (1996). Social isolation and loneliness in old age: Review and model refinement. Ageing and Society, 16, 333–358. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X00003457
World Health Organization (2012). Good health adds life to year: Global brief for World Health Day 2012. WHO Document Production Services, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Preuzeto 01.06.2013. sa http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70853/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2012.2_eng.pdf
Wu, S., Wang, R., Zhao, Y., Ma, X., Wu, M., Yan, X., & He, J. (2013). The relationship between self-rated health and objective health status: A population-based study. BMC Public Health, 13, 1–9. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-320
