THE RELATION AMONG INTRINSIC RELIGIOSITY, RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM AND ATTITUDES TOWARD OUT-GROUPS IN MUSLIMS FROM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Saša Drače; Emir Efendić; Nina Hadžiahmetović

doi:10.19090/pp.2015.4.379-394

Authors

Saša Drače Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo
Emir Efendić Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo
Nina Hadžiahmetović Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2015.4.379-394

Keywords:

intrinsic religiosity, religious fundamentalism, attitudes, intergroup bias, cross-cultural validatio

Abstract

The relation between religion and prejudice has been shown in American Christians and Western Europeans, but it is currently unknown whether this effect can be generalized to other religions and cultures. To address this issue we conducted a study in which we assessed the personal religiosity of Muslim students from Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had to report their attitudes toward their in-group, as well as different out-groups. Consistent with prior findings, participants showed explicit preferences toward their own group relative to other religious and non-religious out-groups. As expected, we also found a relation between religiosity and out-group attitudes. Taken together, our results indicate that religiosity is negatively related to tolerance toward specific value-violating out-groups. Thus, we have extended previous findings in a different cultural and religious context.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Allport, G. W., & Kramer, B. M. (1946). Some roots of prejudice. The Journal of Psychology, 22, 9‒39.

Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432‒443.

Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Altemeyer, B. (2003). Why do religious fundamentalists tend to be prejudiced? The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 13, 17–28. doi: 10.1207/S15327582IJPR1301_03

Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (2005). Fundamentalism and authoritarianism. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of religion and spirituality (pp. 378–393). New York: Guilford.

Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 113–133. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5

Batson, C. D., Eidelman, S. H., Higley, S. L., & Russell, S. A. (2001). “And who is my neighbor?” II: Quest religion as a source of universal compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 39–50. doi: 10.1111/0021-8294.00036

Batson, C. D., Naifeh, S. J., & Pate, S. (1978). Social desirability, religious orientation, and racial prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 17, 31–41. doi: 10.2307/1385425

Batson, C. D., Schoenrade, P., & Ventis, W. L. (1993). Religion and the individual: A social-psychological perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love and outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429–444. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00126

Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automatic activation of social information processing goals: Nonconscious priming reproduces effects of explicit conscious instructions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 464–478. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.464

Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: a sociofunctional threat-based approach to prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770

Donahue, M. J. (1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 400–419. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.400

Duck, R. J., & Hunsberger, B. (1999). Religious orientation and prejudice: The role of religious proscription, right-wing. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 157–179. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr0903_1

Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2007). Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 21, 113–130. doi: 10.1002/per.614

Duriez, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2000). The relation between religion and racism: The role of post-critical beliefs. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 3, 85–102. doi: 10.1080/13674670050002135

Edgell, P., Gerteis, J., & Hartmann, D. (2006). Atheists as “other”: Moral boundaries and cultural membership in American society. American Sociological Review, 71, 211–234. doi: 10.1177/000312240607100203

Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., & Mugny, G. (2009). “I’m not gay, I’m a real man!”: Heterosexual men’s gender self-esteem and sexual prejudice. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 35, 1233–1243. doi: 10.1177/0146167209338072

Fisher, R. D., Derison, D., Cadman, J., Polley, C., & Johnston, D. (1994). Religiousness, religious orientation, and attitudes toward gays and lesbians. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 614–630. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00603.x

Fulton, A. S., Gorsuch, R. L., & Maynard, E. A. (1999). Religious orientation, antihomosexual sentiment, and fundamentalism among Christians. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38, 14–22. doi: 10.2307/1387580

Griffin, g. A. E., Gorsuch, R. L., & Davis, A. L. (1987). A cross-cultural investigation of religious orientation, social norms, and prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 26, 358–365. doi: 10.2307/1386437

Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W. (2010). Why don’t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 126–139. doi: 10.1177/1088868309352179

Herek, G. M. (1987). Religious orientation and prejudice a comparison of racial and sexual attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 34‒44. doi: 10.1177/0146167287131003

Hoge, R. (1972). A validated intrinsic religious motivation scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11, 369–376. doi: 10.2307/1384677

Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L. M. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 807–826. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00433.x

Hunsberger, B., Owusu, V., & Duck, R. (1999). Religion and prejudice in Ghana and Canada: Religious fundamentalism, right-wing. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 181–194. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr0903_2

Jackson, L. M., & Hunsberger, B. (1999). An intergroup perspective on religion and prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38, 509–523. doi: 10.2307/1387609

Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. P. (2010). Priming Christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 119–126. doi: 10.1177/1948550609357246

Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 154–168. doi: 10.1037/a0025107

Karpov, V. (2002). Religiosity and tolerance in the United States and Poland. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 267–288. doi: 10.1111/1468-5906.00116

Lafferty, J. (1990). Religion and racism in South Africa: Conflict between faith and culture. Social Thought, 16, 36–49. doi: 10.1080/15426432.1990.10383720

Lutfiyya, A. M., & Churchill, C. W. (Eds.). (1970). Readings in Arab Middle Eastern societies and cultures. Walter de Gruyter.

Laythe, B., Finkel, D. G., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2001). Predicting prejudice from religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism: A multiple-regression approach. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 1–10. doi: 10.1111/0021-8294.00033

Meeus, J., Duriez, B., Vanbeselaere, N., Phalet, K., & Kuppens, P. (2009). Examining dispositional and situational effects on outgroup attitudes. European Journal of Personality, 23, 307–328. doi: 10.1002/per.710

Mummendey, A., Klink, A., & Brown, R. (2001). Nationalism and patriotism: National identification and out‐group rejection. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 159–172. doi: 10.1348/014466601164740

Pew research Center (2014). Worldwide, many see belief in god as essential to morality. Retreived from http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2014/03/Pew-Research-Center-Global-Attitudes-Project-Belief-in-God-Report-FINAL-March-13-2014.pdf

Rowatt, W. C., Franklin, L. M., & Cotton, M. (2005). Patterns and personality correlates of implicit and explicit attitudes toward Christians and Muslims. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 29–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00263.x

Rowatt, W. C., LaBouff, J., Johnson, M., Froese, P., & Tsang, J. A. (2009). Associations among religiousness, social attitudes, and prejudice in a national random sample of American adults. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1, 14–24. doi: 10.1037/a0014989

Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1999). Measuring the automatic components of prejudice: Flexibility and generality of the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition, 17, 437–465. doi: 10.1521/soco.1999.17.4.437

Rye, M. S., Pargament, K. I., Ali, M. A., Beck, G. L., Dorff, E. N., Hallisey, C., . . . & Williams, J. G. (2000). Religious perspectives on forgiveness. Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice. Guilford Press.

Saroglou, V., & Dupuis, J. (2006). Being Buddhist in Western Europe: Cognitive needs, prosocial character, and values. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 16, 163–179. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr1603_2

Saroglou, V., Delpierre, V., & Dernelle, R. (2004). Values and religiosity: A meta-analysis of studies using Schwartz’s model. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 721–734. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.005

Schwartz, J. P., & Lindley, L. D. (2005). Religious fundamentalism and attachment: Prediction of homophobia. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15, 145–157. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr1502_3

Smith, T. B., Stones, C. R., Peck, C. E., & Naidoo, A. V. (2007). The association of racial attitudes and spiritual beliefs in post-apartheid South Africa. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 263–274. doi: 10.1080/13694670600658730

Stouffer, S. A. (1955). Communism, conformity, and civil liberties: A cross-section of the nation speaks its mind. Transaction Publishers.

Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological review, 96, 506–520. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.506

Velikonja, M. (2003). Religious separation and political intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&M University Press.

West, R. (2012). Tito and the rise and fall of Yugoslavia. Faber & Faber.

Whitley, B. E. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes towards lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 21–38. doi: 10.1080/10508610802471104

Wilkinson, W. W. (2004). Religiosity, authoritarianism, and homophobia: A multidimensional approach. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14, 55–67. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr1401_5

Wulff, D. (1997). Psychology of religion: Classic and contemporary. New York: Wiley.