Unrealistic optimism and HEXACO traits as predictors of risk perception and compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures during the first wave of pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.20.4.405-425Keywords:
compliance to protective measures, COVID-19, HEXACO, risk perception, unrealistic optimismAbstract
The aims of this study were to examine possible differences and factors that contribute to risk perception and compliance with preventive measures at the beginning (T1) and the end (T2) of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 423 participants (M = 30.29, SD = 14.45; 69% female). Compliance, risk perception and trust in information were significantly higher in T1 than T2. For risk perception, significant predictors in both T1 and T2 were age, Emotionality (HEXACO-PI-R) and Unrealistic Optimism (NLE, Negative Life Events). Trust in information was a significant predictor in T1, while Unrealistic Optimism (Positive Life Events) was a significant predictor in T2. For compliance, significant predictors in T1 were gender and trust in information while in T2 were Emotionality, Extraversion, Conscientiousness (HEXACO-PI-R), NLE and trust in information, for both T1 and T2. In general, findings suggest a much more pronounced role of personality traits in adherence to protective measures at the end than at the beginning of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia. Also, the results indicate the role of unrealistic optimism regarding negative life events in lower compliance with protective measures.
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References
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Međedović, J., Čolović, P., Dinić, B. M., & Smederevac, S. (2019). The HEXACO personality inventory: Validation and psychometric properties in the Serbian language. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1370426
Monzani, D., Gorini, A., Mazzoni, D., & Pravettoni, G. (2021). Brief report - “Every little thing gonna be alright” (at least for me): Dispositional optimists display higher optimistic bias for infection during the Italian COVID-19 outbreak. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110388
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Sadiković, S., Branovački, B., Oljača, M., Mitrović, D., Pajić, D., & Smederevac, S. (2020). Daily monitoring of emotional responses to the coronavirus pandemic in Serbia: A citizen science approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02133
Saucier, G., & Goldberg, L. R. (1998). What is beyond the Big Five? Journal of Personality, 66, 495–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00022
Shepperd, J. A., Pogge, G., & Howell, J. L. (2017). Assessing the consequences of unrealistic optimism: Challenges and recommendations. Consciousness and Cognition, 50, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.07.004
Sweeny, K., Carroll, P. J., & Shepperd, J. A. (2006). Thinking about the future: is optimism always best? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 302–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00457.x
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics, 6th ed. Pearson.
Taylor, S. (2019). The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
Volk, A. A., Brazil, K. J., Franklin-Luther, P., Dane, A. V., & Vaillancourt, T. (2021). The influence of demographics and personality on COVID-19 coping in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110398
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806–820. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806
Weinstein, N. D. (1989). Optimistic biases about personal risks. Science, 246, 1232–1233. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2686031
Zajenkowski, M., Jonason, P. K., Leniarska, M., & Kozakiewicz, Z. (2020). Who complies with the restrictions to reduce the spread of COVID-19? Personality and perceptions of the COVID-19 situation. Personality and Individual Differences, 166, 110199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110199
Zettler, I., Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B. E., & Moshagen, M. (2020). The nomological net of the HEXACO model of personality: A large-scale meta-analytic investigation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 723–760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619895036
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868306294907
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2008). The HEXACO model of personality structure and the importance of the H factor. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(5), 1952–1962. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00134.x
Bacon, A. M., & Corr, P. J. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID‐19) in the United Kingdom: A personality‐based perspective on concerns and intention to self‐isolate. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(4), 839–848. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12423.
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 887–919. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
Bottemanne, H., Morlaàs, O., Fossati, P., & Schmidt, L. (2020). Does the Coronavirus Epidemic Take Advantage of Human Optimism Bias? Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02001
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395 (10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Brouard, S., Vasilopoulos, P., & Becher, M. (2020). Sociodemographic and Psychological Correlates of Compliance with the COVID-19 Public Health Measures in France. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008423920000335
Bruine de Bruin, W. (2020). Age differences in COVID-19 risk perceptions and mental health: Evidence from a national US survey conducted in March 2020. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B., 20, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa074
Carvalho, L. D. F., Pianowski, G., & Gonçalves, A. P. (2020). Personality differences and COVID-19: are extraversion and conscientiousness personality traits associated with engagement with containment measures? Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 42(2), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2020-0029
Chambers, J. R., Windschitl, P. D., & Suls, J. (2003). Egocentrism, event frequency, and comparative optimism: When what happens frequently is “more likely to happen to me”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(11), 1343–1356. https://doi.org/10.1037/e633872013-190
Chen, B., Sun, J., & Feng, Y. (2020). How have COVID-19 isolation policies affected young people’s mental health? – Evidence from Chinese college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01529
Cohen, J. (1977). The Concepts of Power Analysis. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-179060-8.50006-2
Čolović, P., Mitrović, D. i Smederevac, S. (2010). Procena nerealističkog optimizma [An assessment of unrealistic optimism]. In M. Biro, S. Smederevac, & Z. Novović (Eds.) Procena psiholoških i psihopatoloških fenomena [Assessment of psychological and psychopathological phenomena] (pp. 101–110). Centar za primenjenu psihologiju.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Cowling, B. J., Ng, D. M., Ip, D. K., Liao, Q., Lam, W. W., Wu, J. T., Lau, J. F. T., Griffiths, S. M., & Fielding, R. (2010). Community psychological and behavioural responses through the first wave of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in Hong Kong. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 202, 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1086/655811
Dolinski, D., Dolinska, B., Zmaczyńska-Witek, B., Banach, M., & Kulesza, W. (2020). Unrealistic Optimism in the Time of Coronavirus Pandemic: May It Help to Kill, If So—Whom: Disease or the Person? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051464
Duan, T., Jiang, H., Deng, X., Zhang, Q., & Wang, F. (2020). Government intervention, risk perception, and the adoption of protective action recommendations: Evidence from the COVID-19 prevention and control experience of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103387
Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 407–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x
Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE, 15(4), e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
Gaygisiz, U., Gaygisiz, E., Ozkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2012). Individual differences in behavioral reactions to H1N1 during a later stage of the epidemic. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 5, 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2011.09.008
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
IBM Corp. (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. IBM Corp.
Ingledew, D. K., & Brunning, S. (1999). Personality, Preventive Health Behaviour and Comparative Optimism about Health Problems. Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539900400213
Jang, W. M., Kim, U. N., Jang, D. H., Jung, H., Cho, S., Eun, S. J., & Lee, J. Y. (2020). Influence of trust on two different risk perceptions as an affective and cognitive dimension during middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea: serial cross-sectional surveys. BMJ Open 10(3), e033026. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033026
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2018). Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO-100. Assessment, 25(5), 543–556. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116659134
Li, H. Y., Cao, H., Leung, D. Y., & Mak, Y. W. (2020). The psychological impacts of a COVID-19 outbreak on college students in China: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 3933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113933
Lippold, J. V., Laske, J. I., Hogeterp, S. A., Duke, É., Grünhage, T., & Reuter, M. (2020). The role of personality, political attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics in explaining individual differences in fear of coronavirus: A comparison over time and across countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.552305
Međedović, J., Čolović, P., Dinić, B. M., & Smederevac, S. (2019). The HEXACO personality inventory: Validation and psychometric properties in the Serbian language. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1370426
Monzani, D., Gorini, A., Mazzoni, D., & Pravettoni, G. (2021). Brief report - “Every little thing gonna be alright” (at least for me): Dispositional optimists display higher optimistic bias for infection during the Italian COVID-19 outbreak. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110388
Pagnini, F., Bonanomi, A., Tagliabue, S., Balconi, M., Bertolotti, M., Confalonieri, E., Di Dio, C., Gilli, G., Graffigna, G., Regalia, C., Saita, E., & Villani, D. (2020). Knowledge, Concerns, and Behaviors of Individuals During the First Week of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Italy. JAMA Network Open, 3(7). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15821
Sadiković, S., Branovački, B., Oljača, M., Mitrović, D., Pajić, D., & Smederevac, S. (2020). Daily monitoring of emotional responses to the coronavirus pandemic in Serbia: A citizen science approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02133
Saucier, G., & Goldberg, L. R. (1998). What is beyond the Big Five? Journal of Personality, 66, 495–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00022
Shepperd, J. A., Pogge, G., & Howell, J. L. (2017). Assessing the consequences of unrealistic optimism: Challenges and recommendations. Consciousness and Cognition, 50, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.07.004
Sweeny, K., Carroll, P. J., & Shepperd, J. A. (2006). Thinking about the future: is optimism always best? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 302–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00457.x
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics, 6th ed. Pearson.
Taylor, S. (2019). The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
Volk, A. A., Brazil, K. J., Franklin-Luther, P., Dane, A. V., & Vaillancourt, T. (2021). The influence of demographics and personality on COVID-19 coping in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110398
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806–820. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806
Weinstein, N. D. (1989). Optimistic biases about personal risks. Science, 246, 1232–1233. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2686031
Zajenkowski, M., Jonason, P. K., Leniarska, M., & Kozakiewicz, Z. (2020). Who complies with the restrictions to reduce the spread of COVID-19? Personality and perceptions of the COVID-19 situation. Personality and Individual Differences, 166, 110199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110199
Zettler, I., Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B. E., & Moshagen, M. (2020). The nomological net of the HEXACO model of personality: A large-scale meta-analytic investigation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 723–760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619895036
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Oljača, M., Sadiković, S., Branovački, B., Pajić, D., Smederevac, S., & Mitrović, D. Unrealistic optimism and HEXACO traits as predictors of risk perception and compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures during the first wave of pandemic. Primenjena Psihologija, 13(4), 405–425. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.20.4.405-425
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