ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL SITUATION AND ORIENTATION IN FINDING EMPLOYMENT AS FACTORS OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL HEALTH IN THE UNEMPLOYED
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2019.3.327-347Keywords:
denial, financial situation, health, problem solving, unemploymentAbstract
A sample of 222 unemployed persons from four regions in the Republic of Serbia conducted a survey aimed at examining the effect of the subjective perception of the financial hardship on the psycho-physical health disorders among the unemployed. Data were collected using, for this occasion constructed instruments for assessing the symptoms of psycho-physical health disorders, questionnaires for a subjective assessment of the financial situation and items related to the prevalence of the unemployed person’s appraoch to the situation of job loss (solving or denying this problem). The results support the expectation that the perception of the severity of the financial situation is indeed a factor in the psycho-physical health of the unemployed, both overall health and its individual dimensions. It was found that this effect is independent from the duration of unemployment, the level of education or the age of the unemployed. Furthermore, result support the expectation that the orientation towards problem solving is associated with less depressive and anxiety symptoms, compared to unemployees with the denying orientation. Finally, the obtained results show that unemployed women report poorer psycho-physical health than men, and that gender does not moderate the relationship between subjective assessment of the financial situation and psycho-physical health. All the findings are discussed within the theory of the effects of job loss and in light of the findings of numerous researches in this field.
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References
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Clark, A., Knabe, A., & Rätzel, S. (2010). Boon or bane? Others’ unemployment, well-being and job insecurity. Labour Economics, 17(1), 52–61. doi:10.1016/j. labeco.2009.05.007
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Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M., & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labour Outcomes. Paris: OECD Development Centre
Frank, C., Davis, C. G., & Elgar, F. J. (2014). Financial strain, social capital, and perceived health during economic recession: a longitudinal survey in rural Canada. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(4), 422–438. doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.864389
Fryer, D., & Payne, R. (1986). Being unemployed: A review of the literature on the psychological experience of unemployment. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 235–278
Goldsmith, A. H., & Veum, J. R. (1996). The psychological impact of unemployment and joblessness. Journal of Socio-Economics, 2 (3), 333–358. doi:10.1016/ S1053-5357(96)90009-8
Grossi, G. (1999). Coping and emotional distress in a sample of Swedish unemployed. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 157–165. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00113
Halford, W. K., & Learner, E. (1984). Correlates of coping with unemployment in young Australians. Australian Psychologist, 19(3), 333–344. doi:10.1080/00050068408255439
Jahoda, M. (1982). Employment and unemployment: The psyhology of social issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Julkunen, I. (2001). Coping and mental well-being among unemployed youthA Northern European perspective. Journal of Youth Studies, 4(3), 261–278. doi:10.1080/13676260120075419
Kagamimori, S., Gaina, A., & Nasermoaddeli, A. (2009). Socioeconomic status and health in the Japanese population. Social Science & Medicine, 68(12), 2152– 2160. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.030
Karsten, P. I., & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior 74, 264–282. doi:10.1016/j. jvb.2009.01.001
Kasl, S. V., & Cobb, S. (1980). The experience of losing a job: Some effects on cardiovascular functioning. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 34, 88–109. doi:10.1159/000287452
Kinicki, A. J., & Latack, J. C. (1990). Explication of the construct of coping with involuntary job loss. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36(3), 339–360. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(90)90036-2
Kinicki, A. J., Prussia, G. E., & McKee-Ryan, F. M. (2000). A panel study of coping with involuntary job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 90–100. doi:10.2307/1556388
Lai, J. C. L., & Chan, R. K. H. (2002) The effects of job-search motives and coping on psychological health and re-employment: a study of unemployed Hong Kong Chinese. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(3), 465–483, doi:10.1080/09585190110111486.
Leana, C. R., & Feldman, D. C. (1994). The psychology of job loss. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 271–302). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Leana, C. R., & Feldman, D. C. (1995). Finding new jobs after a plant closing: Antecedents and outcomes of the occurrence and quality of reemployment. Human Relations, 48(12), 1381–1401. doi:10.1177/001872679504801201
Lin, X., & Leung, K. (2010). Differing effects of coping strategies on mental health during prolonged unemployment: A longitudinal analysis. Human Relations, 63(5), 637–665. doi:10.1177/0018726709342930
Majstorović, N. (2011). Efekti nezaposlenosti i faktori aktivizma u ponovnom zapošljavanju. Primenjena psihologija, 3, 205–227. doi:10.19090/ pp.2011.3.205-227
Majstorović, N., Popov, B., Matanović, J., Slijepčević V. i Jelić, D. (2017). Nezaposlenost u Republici Srbiji: posledice po psiho-fizičko zdravlje i ključni faktori uspeha u ponovnom zapošljavanju, Filozofski fakultet Novi Sad, Preuzeto sa: http://digitalna.ff.uns.ac.rs/sadrzaj/2017/978-86-6065-410-8
Marić, Z. (2005a). Predikcija simptoma depresije kod nezaposlenih osoba. Psihologija, 38(1), 5–17. doi:10.2298/PSI0501005M
Marić, Z. (2005b). Predikcija intenziteta i namere traženja posla na uzorku nezaposlenih. Psihologija, 38(2), 181–195. doi:10.2298/PSI0501005M
McKee-Ryan, F. M., & Kinicki, A. J. (2002). Coping with job loss: A life-facet model. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 17, 1–29. doi:10.1002/9780470696392.ch1
McKee-Ryan, F., Song Z., Wanberg, C. R., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: a meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology , 90(1), 53–76. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53.
Patton, W., & Donohue, R. (1998). Coping with long term unemployment. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 8, 331–343. doi:10.1002/ (SICI)1099-1298(1998090)8:5<331::AID-CASP456>3.0.CO;2-6
Payne, R., & Hartley, J. (1987). A test of a model for explaining the affective experience of unemployed men. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 60(1), 31–47. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1987.tb00239.x
Popov, B., Miljanović, M., Stojaković, M., & Matanović, J. (2013). Work stressors, distress, and burnout: The role of coping strategies. Primenjena psihologija, 6(4), 355–370. doi:10.19090/pp.2013.4.355-370
Popov, B. i Popov, S. (2011). Struktura polnih razlika u doživljaju stresa na radu. Primenjena psihologija, 4(2), 179–195. doi:10.19090/pp.2011.2.179-195
Price, R. H., Choi, J. N., & Vinokur, A. D. (2002). Links in the chain of adversity following job loss: how financial strain and loss of personal control lead to depression, impaired functioning, and poor health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(4), 302–312. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.4.302
Reine, I. I., Novo, M. M., & Hammarström, A. A. (2004). Does the association between ill health and unemployment differ between young people and adults? Results from a 14-year follow-up study with a focus on psychological health and smoking. Public Health (Elsevier), 118(5), 337–345. doi:10.1016/j. puhe.2003.10.008
Rowley, K. M., & Feather, N. T. (1987). The impact of unemployment in relation to age and length of unemployment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 60(4), 323–332. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1987.tb00264.x
Roxburgh, S. (1996). Gender differences in work and well-being: Effects of exposure and vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 265–277. doi:10.2307/2137296
Schmaus, B. J., Laubmeier, K. K., Boquiren, V. M., Herzer, M., & Zakowski, S. G. (2008). Gender and stress: Differential psychophysiological reactivity to stress reexposure in the laboratory. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 69(2), 101–106. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.006
Shimazu, A., & Kosugi, S. (2003). Job stressors, coping, and psychological distress among Japanese employees: interplay between active and non-active coping. Work & Stress, 17(1), 38–51. doi:10.1080/0267837031000106862
Smari, J., Arason, E., Hafsteinsson, H., & Snorri, I. (1997). Unemployment, coping and psychological distress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38(2), 151– 156. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00021
Solove, E., Fisher, G. G., & Kraiger, K. (2015). Coping with job loss and reemployment: A two-wave study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(3), 529–541. doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9380-7
Strandh, M., Hammarström, A., Nilsson, K., Nordenmark, M., & Russel, H. (2013). Unemployment, gender and mental health: the role of the gender regime. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(5), 649–665. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01517.x
Strober, L. B., & Arnett, P. A. (2016). Unemployment among women with multiple sclerosis: the role of coping and perceived stress and support in the workplace. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(4), 496–504. doi:10.1080/1354850 6.2015.1093645
Šverko, B., Maslić Seršić, D., & Galešić, M. (2004). Unemployment and subjective health. Are middle-aged unemployed persons the most vulnerable? Suvremena psihologija, 7(2), 201–214.
Taris, T. W. (2002). Unemployment and mental health: A longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 9(1), 43–57. doi:10.1023/A:1013067101217
Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A., Webb, C., Ricketts, C., & Cooper, C. (2007). Gender, Health and Stress in English University Staff—Exposure or Vulnerability?. Applied Psychology, 56(2), 267–287. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00254.x
Ullah, P. (1990). The association between income, financial strain and psychological well-being among unemployed youths. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 317–330. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00533.x
Vinokur, A. D., Price, R. H., & Caplan, R. D. (1996). Hard Times and Hurtful Partners: How Financial Strain Affects Depression and Relationship Satisfaction of Unemployed persons and Their Spouses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 166–179. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.1.166
Vinokur, A. D., & Schul, Y. (2002). The web of coping resources and pathways to reemployment following a job loss. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1), 68–83. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.1.68
Wanberg, C. R. (1997). Antecedents and outcomes of coping behaviors among unemployed and reemployed individuals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 731–744. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.731
Wanberg, C. R.,(2012). The Individual Experienceof Unemployment. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 369–396. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100500
Warr, P. (1983). Work and unemployment. Handbook of Work and Organization Psychology. London: Wiley.
Warr, P. B. (1984). Reported behaviour changes after job loss. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 271–275. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00639.x
Warr, P. (1987). Psychology at Work. Penguin Books, London.
Warr, P., & Jackson, P. (1984). Men without jobs: Some correlates of age and length of unemployment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57, 77–85. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1984.tb00150.x
Waters, L. E., & Moore, K. A. (2002). Reducing latent deprivation during unemployment: The role of meaningful leisure activity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 15–32. doi:10.1348/096317902167621.
Caplan, R. D., Vinokur, A. D., Price, R. H., & Van Ryn, M. (1989). Job seeking, reemployment, and mental health: a randomized field experiment in coping with job loss. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 759–769. doi:10.1037/00219010.74.5.759
Clark, A., Knabe, A., & Rätzel, S. (2010). Boon or bane? Others’ unemployment, well-being and job insecurity. Labour Economics, 17(1), 52–61. doi:10.1016/j. labeco.2009.05.007
Donovan, A., & Oddy, M. (1982). Psychological aspects of unemployment: An investigation into the emotional and social adjustement of school leavers. Journal of Adolescence, 5, 15–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-1971(82)80015-8
Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M., & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labour Outcomes. Paris: OECD Development Centre
Frank, C., Davis, C. G., & Elgar, F. J. (2014). Financial strain, social capital, and perceived health during economic recession: a longitudinal survey in rural Canada. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(4), 422–438. doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.864389
Fryer, D., & Payne, R. (1986). Being unemployed: A review of the literature on the psychological experience of unemployment. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 235–278
Goldsmith, A. H., & Veum, J. R. (1996). The psychological impact of unemployment and joblessness. Journal of Socio-Economics, 2 (3), 333–358. doi:10.1016/ S1053-5357(96)90009-8
Grossi, G. (1999). Coping and emotional distress in a sample of Swedish unemployed. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 157–165. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00113
Halford, W. K., & Learner, E. (1984). Correlates of coping with unemployment in young Australians. Australian Psychologist, 19(3), 333–344. doi:10.1080/00050068408255439
Jahoda, M. (1982). Employment and unemployment: The psyhology of social issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Julkunen, I. (2001). Coping and mental well-being among unemployed youthA Northern European perspective. Journal of Youth Studies, 4(3), 261–278. doi:10.1080/13676260120075419
Kagamimori, S., Gaina, A., & Nasermoaddeli, A. (2009). Socioeconomic status and health in the Japanese population. Social Science & Medicine, 68(12), 2152– 2160. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.030
Karsten, P. I., & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior 74, 264–282. doi:10.1016/j. jvb.2009.01.001
Kasl, S. V., & Cobb, S. (1980). The experience of losing a job: Some effects on cardiovascular functioning. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 34, 88–109. doi:10.1159/000287452
Kinicki, A. J., & Latack, J. C. (1990). Explication of the construct of coping with involuntary job loss. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36(3), 339–360. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(90)90036-2
Kinicki, A. J., Prussia, G. E., & McKee-Ryan, F. M. (2000). A panel study of coping with involuntary job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 90–100. doi:10.2307/1556388
Lai, J. C. L., & Chan, R. K. H. (2002) The effects of job-search motives and coping on psychological health and re-employment: a study of unemployed Hong Kong Chinese. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(3), 465–483, doi:10.1080/09585190110111486.
Leana, C. R., & Feldman, D. C. (1994). The psychology of job loss. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 271–302). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Leana, C. R., & Feldman, D. C. (1995). Finding new jobs after a plant closing: Antecedents and outcomes of the occurrence and quality of reemployment. Human Relations, 48(12), 1381–1401. doi:10.1177/001872679504801201
Lin, X., & Leung, K. (2010). Differing effects of coping strategies on mental health during prolonged unemployment: A longitudinal analysis. Human Relations, 63(5), 637–665. doi:10.1177/0018726709342930
Majstorović, N. (2011). Efekti nezaposlenosti i faktori aktivizma u ponovnom zapošljavanju. Primenjena psihologija, 3, 205–227. doi:10.19090/ pp.2011.3.205-227
Majstorović, N., Popov, B., Matanović, J., Slijepčević V. i Jelić, D. (2017). Nezaposlenost u Republici Srbiji: posledice po psiho-fizičko zdravlje i ključni faktori uspeha u ponovnom zapošljavanju, Filozofski fakultet Novi Sad, Preuzeto sa: http://digitalna.ff.uns.ac.rs/sadrzaj/2017/978-86-6065-410-8
Marić, Z. (2005a). Predikcija simptoma depresije kod nezaposlenih osoba. Psihologija, 38(1), 5–17. doi:10.2298/PSI0501005M
Marić, Z. (2005b). Predikcija intenziteta i namere traženja posla na uzorku nezaposlenih. Psihologija, 38(2), 181–195. doi:10.2298/PSI0501005M
McKee-Ryan, F. M., & Kinicki, A. J. (2002). Coping with job loss: A life-facet model. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 17, 1–29. doi:10.1002/9780470696392.ch1
McKee-Ryan, F., Song Z., Wanberg, C. R., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: a meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology , 90(1), 53–76. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53.
Patton, W., & Donohue, R. (1998). Coping with long term unemployment. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 8, 331–343. doi:10.1002/ (SICI)1099-1298(1998090)8:5<331::AID-CASP456>3.0.CO;2-6
Payne, R., & Hartley, J. (1987). A test of a model for explaining the affective experience of unemployed men. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 60(1), 31–47. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1987.tb00239.x
Popov, B., Miljanović, M., Stojaković, M., & Matanović, J. (2013). Work stressors, distress, and burnout: The role of coping strategies. Primenjena psihologija, 6(4), 355–370. doi:10.19090/pp.2013.4.355-370
Popov, B. i Popov, S. (2011). Struktura polnih razlika u doživljaju stresa na radu. Primenjena psihologija, 4(2), 179–195. doi:10.19090/pp.2011.2.179-195
Price, R. H., Choi, J. N., & Vinokur, A. D. (2002). Links in the chain of adversity following job loss: how financial strain and loss of personal control lead to depression, impaired functioning, and poor health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(4), 302–312. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.4.302
Reine, I. I., Novo, M. M., & Hammarström, A. A. (2004). Does the association between ill health and unemployment differ between young people and adults? Results from a 14-year follow-up study with a focus on psychological health and smoking. Public Health (Elsevier), 118(5), 337–345. doi:10.1016/j. puhe.2003.10.008
Rowley, K. M., & Feather, N. T. (1987). The impact of unemployment in relation to age and length of unemployment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 60(4), 323–332. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1987.tb00264.x
Roxburgh, S. (1996). Gender differences in work and well-being: Effects of exposure and vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 265–277. doi:10.2307/2137296
Schmaus, B. J., Laubmeier, K. K., Boquiren, V. M., Herzer, M., & Zakowski, S. G. (2008). Gender and stress: Differential psychophysiological reactivity to stress reexposure in the laboratory. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 69(2), 101–106. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.006
Shimazu, A., & Kosugi, S. (2003). Job stressors, coping, and psychological distress among Japanese employees: interplay between active and non-active coping. Work & Stress, 17(1), 38–51. doi:10.1080/0267837031000106862
Smari, J., Arason, E., Hafsteinsson, H., & Snorri, I. (1997). Unemployment, coping and psychological distress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38(2), 151– 156. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00021
Solove, E., Fisher, G. G., & Kraiger, K. (2015). Coping with job loss and reemployment: A two-wave study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(3), 529–541. doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9380-7
Strandh, M., Hammarström, A., Nilsson, K., Nordenmark, M., & Russel, H. (2013). Unemployment, gender and mental health: the role of the gender regime. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(5), 649–665. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01517.x
Strober, L. B., & Arnett, P. A. (2016). Unemployment among women with multiple sclerosis: the role of coping and perceived stress and support in the workplace. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(4), 496–504. doi:10.1080/1354850 6.2015.1093645
Šverko, B., Maslić Seršić, D., & Galešić, M. (2004). Unemployment and subjective health. Are middle-aged unemployed persons the most vulnerable? Suvremena psihologija, 7(2), 201–214.
Taris, T. W. (2002). Unemployment and mental health: A longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 9(1), 43–57. doi:10.1023/A:1013067101217
Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A., Webb, C., Ricketts, C., & Cooper, C. (2007). Gender, Health and Stress in English University Staff—Exposure or Vulnerability?. Applied Psychology, 56(2), 267–287. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00254.x
Ullah, P. (1990). The association between income, financial strain and psychological well-being among unemployed youths. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 317–330. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00533.x
Vinokur, A. D., Price, R. H., & Caplan, R. D. (1996). Hard Times and Hurtful Partners: How Financial Strain Affects Depression and Relationship Satisfaction of Unemployed persons and Their Spouses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 166–179. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.1.166
Vinokur, A. D., & Schul, Y. (2002). The web of coping resources and pathways to reemployment following a job loss. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1), 68–83. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.1.68
Wanberg, C. R. (1997). Antecedents and outcomes of coping behaviors among unemployed and reemployed individuals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 731–744. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.731
Wanberg, C. R.,(2012). The Individual Experienceof Unemployment. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 369–396. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100500
Warr, P. (1983). Work and unemployment. Handbook of Work and Organization Psychology. London: Wiley.
Warr, P. B. (1984). Reported behaviour changes after job loss. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 271–275. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00639.x
Warr, P. (1987). Psychology at Work. Penguin Books, London.
Warr, P., & Jackson, P. (1984). Men without jobs: Some correlates of age and length of unemployment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57, 77–85. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1984.tb00150.x
Waters, L. E., & Moore, K. A. (2002). Reducing latent deprivation during unemployment: The role of meaningful leisure activity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 15–32. doi:10.1348/096317902167621.
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01.10.2019
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Majstorović, N., Jelić, D., Popov, B., Matanović, J., & Komlenić, A. (2019). ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL SITUATION AND ORIENTATION IN FINDING EMPLOYMENT AS FACTORS OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL HEALTH IN THE UNEMPLOYED. Primenjena Psihologija, 12(3), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2019.3.327-347
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