EMERGING ADULTHOOD, IDENTITY STATUS AND PARENTAL CONTROL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2019.3.305-326Keywords:
emerging adulthood, identity status, non-students, parental control, studentsAbstract
The aim of this study was to examine the differences between groups of individuals of different student status in characteristics of emerging adulthood and identity status, and to examine the correlation between parental control and identity dimensions of emerging adults. The study included 363 participants aged from 18 to 25 years. The following measures were used in the study: The IDEA: Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood, Ego Identity Process Questionnaire, scales of parental psychological control, behavioral control and helicopter behaviors, and subjective sense of adulthood was measured with one item. Results show that individuals of different student status statistically differ in three dimensions of emerging adulthood: the age of possibilities, the age of instability and the age of feeling in-between, and the supplementary scale of the age of focus on others. Students, more than graduates, feel that for them emerging adulthood is the age of instability and the age of feeling in-between, while non-students, more than students, feel that emerging adulthood is the age of focus on others. Most individuals who graduated considered themselves as adults, while non-students and students mostly state that they consider themselves adults only in certain aspects. There were no differences in the identity status between groups of different student status. The commitment dimension is significantly negatively related to mother’s behavioral and psychological control and to father’s psychological control. The exploration dimension is only significantly negatively related to mother’s helicopter behavior.
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References
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Holden, G. W. (2010). Parenting: A Dynamic Perspective. California: Sage Publications. doi:10.4135/9781452204000
Kins, E., & Beyers, W. (2010). Failure to Launch, Failure to Achieve Criteria for Adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(5), 1–35. doi:10.1177/0743558410371126
LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418. doi:10.10 80/02732173.2011.574038
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Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2007). Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 546–550. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.546
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558. doi:10.1037/h0023281
Munro, G., & Adams, G. R. (1977). Ego-identity formation in college students and working youth. Developmental Psychology, 13(5), 523–524. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.13.5.523
Nelson, L., Badger, S., & Wu, B. (2004). The influence of culture in emerging adulthood Perspectives of Chinese college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(1), 26–36. doi:10.1080/01650250344000244
Nelson, L. J., & Barry, C. M. (2005). Distinguishing features of emerging adulthood: The role of self-classification as an adult. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(2), 242–262. doi:10.1177/0743558404273074
Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407–425. doi:10.1080/10510974.2013.811434
Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177–1190. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007
Reifman, A., Arnett, J. J., & Colwell, M. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: Theory, assessment, and application. Journal of Youth Development, 2(1), 37–48. doi:10.5195/jyd.2007.359
Ryu, E. (2011). Effects of skewness and kurtosis on normal-theory based maximum likelihood test statistic in multilevel structural equation modeling. Behavior Research Methods, 43(4), 1066–1074. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0115-7
Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548–557. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(6), 569–595. doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569
Seiter, L. N., & Nelson, L. J. (2011). An examination of emerging adulthood in college students and nonstudents in India. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(4), 506–536. doi:10.1177/0743558410391262
Sirsch, U., Dreher, E., Mayr, E., & Willinger, U. (2009). What does it take to be an adult in Austria? Views of adulthood in Austrian adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(3), 275–292. doi:10.1177/0743558408331184
Zorotovich, J. R. (2014). Five dimensions of emerging adulthood: A comparison between students, nonstudents, and college graduates (Neobjavljena doktorska disertacija). University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
Arnett, J. J. (2003). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood among emerging adults in American ethnic groups. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 100, 63–76. doi:10.1002/cd.75
Arnett, J. J. (2014). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:o so/9780199929382.001.0001
Arnett, J. J. (2006a). Emerging Adulthood: Understanding the New Way of Coming of Age. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 3–19). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11381-001
Arnett, J. J. (2006b). Emerging adulthood in Europe: A response to Bynner. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(1), 111–123. doi:10.1080/13676260500523671
Arnett, J. J. (2006c). G. Stanley Hall’s Adolescence: Brilliance and nonsense. History of Psychology, 9(3), 186–197. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.9.3.186
Arnett, J. J., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2015). Brief report: Danish emerging adults’ conceptions of adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 38, 39–44. doi:10.1016/j. adolescence.2014.10.011
Balistreri, E., Busch-Rossnagel, N. A., & Geisinger, K. F. (1995). Development and preliminary validation of the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescence, 18(2), 179–192. doi:10.1006/jado.1995.1012
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296–3319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996. tb01915.x
Barber, B. K. (2002). Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10422-000
Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: parental psychological control of children and adolescents. U: B. K. Barber (Ed.), Psychological control of children and adolescents (pp. 15–52). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10422-002
Berk, L. E. (2008). Psihologija cjeloživotnog razvoja. Jastrebarsko: Naklada Slap.
Bynner, J. (2005). Rethinking the youth phase of the life-course: The case for emerging adulthood?. Journal of Youth Ytudies, 8(4), 367–384. doi:10.1080/13676260500431628
Buhl, H. M., & Lanz, M. (2007). Emerging adulthood in Europe: Common traits and variability across five European countries. Journal of Adolescence Research, 22, 439–443. doi:10.1177/0743558407306345
Côté, J. E. (2000). Arrested adulthood: The changing nature of maturity and identity. New York: NYU Press.
Côté, J. E. (2006). Emerging Adulthood as an Institutionalized Moratorium: Risks and Benefits to Identity Formation. U: J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 85–116). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11381-004
Côté, J. E. (2014). The dangerous myth of emerging adulthood: An evidence-based critique of a flawed developmental theory. Applied Developmental Science, 18(4), 177–188. doi:10.1080/10888691.2014.954451
Côté, J., & Bynner, J. M. (2008). Changes in the transition to adulthood in the UK and Canada: The role of structure and agency in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth Studies, 11(3), 251–268. doi:10.1080/13676260801946464
Crocetti, E., Tagliabue, S., Sugimura, K., Nelson, L. J., Takahashi, A., Niwa, T., … & Jinno, M. (2015). Perceptions of emerging adulthood: A study with Italian and Japanese university students and young workers. Emerging Adulthood, 3(4), 229–243. doi:10.1177/2167696815569848
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton. doi:10.1126/science.113.2931.253
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton. doi:10.1126/ science.161.3838.257
Grob, A., Krings, F., & Bangerter, A. (2001). Life markers in biographical narratives of people from three cohorts: A life span perspective in its historical context. Human Development, 44(4), 171–190. doi:10.1159/000057057
Hendry, L. B., & Kloep, M. (2010). How universal is emerging adulthood? An empirical example. Journal of Youth Studies, 13(2), 169–179. doi:10.1080/13676260903295067
Holden, G. W. (2010). Parenting: A Dynamic Perspective. California: Sage Publications. doi:10.4135/9781452204000
Kins, E., & Beyers, W. (2010). Failure to Launch, Failure to Achieve Criteria for Adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(5), 1–35. doi:10.1177/0743558410371126
LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418. doi:10.10 80/02732173.2011.574038
Luebbe, A. M., Mancini, K. J., Kiel, E. J., Spangler, B. R., Semlak, J. L., & Fussner, L. M. (2016). Dimensionality of Helicopter Parenting and Relations to Emotional, Decision-Making, and Academic Functioning in Emerging Adults. Assessment, 25(7), 841–857. doi:10.1177/1073191116665907
Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2007). Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 546–550. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.546
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558. doi:10.1037/h0023281
Munro, G., & Adams, G. R. (1977). Ego-identity formation in college students and working youth. Developmental Psychology, 13(5), 523–524. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.13.5.523
Nelson, L., Badger, S., & Wu, B. (2004). The influence of culture in emerging adulthood Perspectives of Chinese college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(1), 26–36. doi:10.1080/01650250344000244
Nelson, L. J., & Barry, C. M. (2005). Distinguishing features of emerging adulthood: The role of self-classification as an adult. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(2), 242–262. doi:10.1177/0743558404273074
Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407–425. doi:10.1080/10510974.2013.811434
Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1177–1190. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007
Reifman, A., Arnett, J. J., & Colwell, M. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: Theory, assessment, and application. Journal of Youth Development, 2(1), 37–48. doi:10.5195/jyd.2007.359
Ryu, E. (2011). Effects of skewness and kurtosis on normal-theory based maximum likelihood test statistic in multilevel structural equation modeling. Behavior Research Methods, 43(4), 1066–1074. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0115-7
Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548–557. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., & Montgomery, N. (2013). Parent and child traits associated with overparenting. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(6), 569–595. doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569
Seiter, L. N., & Nelson, L. J. (2011). An examination of emerging adulthood in college students and nonstudents in India. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(4), 506–536. doi:10.1177/0743558410391262
Sirsch, U., Dreher, E., Mayr, E., & Willinger, U. (2009). What does it take to be an adult in Austria? Views of adulthood in Austrian adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(3), 275–292. doi:10.1177/0743558408331184
Zorotovich, J. R. (2014). Five dimensions of emerging adulthood: A comparison between students, nonstudents, and college graduates (Neobjavljena doktorska disertacija). University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
