RELATIONS BETWEEN SPORT AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AT HIGH SCHOOL AGE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.3.285-300Keywords:
abilities, adolescence, emotional intelligence, per- sonality traits, sportAbstract
Simultanously a very popular and methodologically controversial construct of emotional intelligence has been associated with a plethora of relevant external variables of psychological function- ing in various life domains. Although there are theoretical con- siderations linking sport participation and emotional intelligence, the lack of research on the topic is particularly apparent when it comes both to our region and the adolescent population. The aim of our study was to explore whether sport participation among high school students is associated with emotional intelligence, conceptualized both as a trait and as an ability. The sample com- prised 191 high school students (61.1% females, age range: 14 to 19 years) to whom we administered the self‒report questionnaire UEK45 with a three‒factor structure, and two objective situational tests of emotional intelligence, STEU and STEM. Our results confirmed the need to distinguish the emotional intelligence con- structs measured by self‒assessment questionnaires and objec- tive tests. Furthermore, we observed that – even when controlled for age and gender – the athletes score higher on all measures, this being more evident on objective tests. In our paper we dis- cuss potential explanations for the differences obtained on hiea- rarchically more complex levels of emotional intelligence and we emphasize the need for a multhimetod approach when assessing emotional competences in young athletes whether for research or professional purposes.
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References
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Botterill, C., & Brown, M. (2002). Emotion and perspective in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 38‒60.
Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, discriminant, and incremen- tal validity of competing measures of emotional intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1147–1158. doi:10.1177/0146167203254596 Brackett, M. A., Mayer, J. D., & Warner, R. M. (2004). Emotional intelligence and its relation to everyday behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 36,
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Brannick, M. T., Wahi, M. M., Arce, M., & Johnson, H. A. ( 2009 ). Comparison of trait and ability measures of emotional intelligence in medical students. Medical Education, 43, 1062 – 1068. doi:10.1111/j.1365‒2923.2009.03430.x
Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.).
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Costarelli, V., & Stamou, D. (2009). Emotional Intelligence, Body Image and Disor- dered Eating Attitudes in Combat Sport Athletes. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 7(2), 104‒111. doi:10.1016/S1728‒869X(09)60013‒7
Crombie, D.T., Lombard, C., & Noakes, T.D. (2009). Emotional Intelligence Scores Predict Team Sports Performance in a National Cricket Competi- tion. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(2), 209‒224. doi:10.1260/174795409788549544
Davis, S. K., & Humphrey, N. (2012). Emotional intelligence predicts adolescent mental health beyond personality and cognitive ability. Personality and Indi- vidual Differences, 52(2), 144‒149. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.016
Delacre, M., Lakens, D., & Leys, C. (2017). Why psychologists should by default use Welch’s t‒test instead of student’s t‒test. International Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 92‒101. doi:10.5334/irsp.82
Gadermann, A. M., Guhn, M., & Zumbo, B. D. (2012). Estimating ordinal reliability for Likert‒type and ordinal item response data: A conceptual, empirical, and practical guide. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 17(3).
Gil‒Olarte, P., Palomera Martin, R., & Brackett, M. A. (2006). Relating emotional intelligence to social competence and academic achievement in high school students. Psicothema, 18, 118–123.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Hanin, Y. L. (2000). Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) Model: Emo- tion Performance Relationships in Sports. In L. Y. Hanin (Ed.), Emotion in Sport (pp. 65‒89). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Jones, G. (2002). Performance excellence: A personal perspective on the link be- tween sport and business. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 268 –281. doi:10.1080/10413200290103554
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta‒analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 54‒78. doi:10.1037/a0017286
Kohr, R. L., & Games, P. A. (1974). Robustness of the analysis of variance, the Welch procedure and a box procedure to heterogeneous variances. Journal of Ex- perimental Education, 43(1), 61‒69. doi:10.1080/00220973.1974.10806305 Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012) The relationship between bullying, vic- timization, trait emotional intelligence, self‒efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Social Psychology of Education, 15(1), 41‒58. doi:10.1007/
s11218‒011‒9168‒9
Laborde, S., Dosseville, F., & Allen, M. S. (2016). Emotional Intelligence in Sport and Exercise: A Systematic Review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Sci- ence in Sports, 26, 862‒874. doi:10.1111/sms.12510
Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R., Lowther, J., & Devonport, T. (2009). Emotional intelli- gence and psychological skills use among athletes. Social Behavior and Per- sonality, 37(2), 195‒201. doi:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.195
Libbrecht, N., & Lievens, F. (2012). Validity evidence for the situational judgment test paradigm in emotional intelligence measurement. Internationa Journal of Psychology. 47(6), 438‒447. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.682063
Libbrecht, N., Lievens, F., Carette, B., & Côté, S. (2014). Emotional intelligence predicts success in medical school. Emotion, 14(1), 64‒73. doi:10.1037/ a0034392
MacCann, C., & Roberts, R. D. (2008). Assessing emotional intelligence with situ- ational judgment test paradigms: Theory and data. Emotion, 8, 540‒551. doi:10.1037/a0012746
MacCann, C., Pearce, N., & Roberts, R. (2011). Emotional intelligence as assessed by situational judgment and emotion recognition tests: Building the nomo- logical net. Psihologijske teme, 20(3), 393‒412.
MacCann, C., Roberts, R. D., Matthews, G., & Zeidner, M. (2004). Consensus scoring and empirical option weighting of performance‒based Emotional Intelligence (EI) tests. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 645–662. doi:10.1016/ S0191‒8869(03)00123‒5
Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. (2003). Emotional Intelligence: Science and Myth. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intel- ligence, 17, 433–442. doi:10.1016/0160‒2896(93)90010‒3
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1995). Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 4, 197–208. doi:10.1016/S0962‒1849(05)80058‒7
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey &
D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educa- tional implications (pp. 3-34). New York: Basic Books.
Meyer, B. B., & Fletcher, T. B. (2007). Emotional intelligence: A theoretical over- view and implications for research and professional practice. Journal of Ap- plied Sport Psychology. 19, 1‒15. doi:10.1080/10413200601102904
Morey, R. D., & Rouder, J. N. (2015). BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes Factors for Common Designs. R package version 0.9.12‒2. Preuzeto sa: https://CRAN.R‒ project.org/package=BayesFactor
Murphy, K. R. (2014). A critique of emotional intelligence: what are the prob- lems and how can they be fixed? New York, NY: Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9781315820927
Narimani, M., & Basharpoor, S. (2009). Comparison of Attachment Styles and Emotional Intelligence Between Athlete Women (Collective and Individual Sports) and Non‒Athlete Women. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4, 216‒221.
Perlini, A. H., & Halverson, T. R. (2006). Emotional Intelligence in the National Hockey League. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 38(2), 109‒119. doi:10.1037/cjbs2006001
Petrides, K. V. (2011). Ability and trait emotional intelligence. In T. Chamorro‒ Premuzic, S. von Stumm, & A. Furnham (Eds.), The Wiley‒Blackwell hand- books of personality and individual differences. The Wiley‒Blackwell hand- book of individual differences (pp. 656‒678). New Jersey: Wiley‒Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444343120.ch25
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with references to established trait taxonomies. European Jour- nal of Personality, 15, 425–448. doi:10.1002/per.416
Revelle, W. (2017). psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA. Preuzeto sa: https:// CRAN.R‒project.org/package=psych Version = 1.7.8.
Rivers, S. E., Brackett, M. A., Reyes, M. R., Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2012). Measuring Emotional Intelligence in Early Adolescence With the MSCEIT‒YV: Psychometric Properties and Relationship With Academic Per- formance and Psychosocial Functioning. Journal of Psychoeducational Assess- ment, 30, 344‒366. doi:10.1177/0734282912449443
Salovey, P., & Sluyter, D. J. (1999). Emotional development and emotional intelli- gence: Implications for educators. New York: Basic Books.
Smith, T. W. (2004). Developing and evaluating cross‒national survey instruments In S. Presser, J. M. Rothgeb, M.P. Couper, J.T. Lessler, E. Martin, J. Martin, et al. (Eds.), Methods for testing and evaluating survey questionnaires (pp. 431– 452). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471654728.ch21
Stough, C., Clements, M., Wallish, L., & Downey, L. (2009). Emotional Intelligence in Sport: Theoretical Linkages and Preliminary Empirical Relationships from Basketball. In C. Stough, D. Saklofske, & J. Parker (Eds.), Assessing Emotion- ale Intelligence: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 291‒305). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978‒0‒387‒88370‒0_15
Stough, C., Saklofske, D., & Parker, J. (2009). A Brief Analysis of 20 Years of Emo- tional Intelligence: An Introduction to Assessing Emotional Intelligence: The- ory, Research and Applications. In C. Stough, D. Saklofske, & J. Parker (Eds.), Assessing Emotionale Intelligence: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 3‒8). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978‒0‒387‒88370‒0_1
Szabo, A., & Urban, F. (2014). Do combat sports develop emotional intelligence?
Kinesiology, 46(1), 53‒60. doi:796.853.23:796.83:159.9.952
Takšić, V. (1998). Validacija konstrukta emocionalne inteligencije. Nepublikovana doktorska disertacija. Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Zagrebu.
Takšić, V. (2002). Upitnici emocionalne inteligencije (kompetentnosti). U K. Lacković‒Grgin, A. Bautović, V. Ćubela i Z. Penezić (ur.), Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika (str. 27‒45). Filozofski fakultet, Zadar.
Takšić, V., Mohorić, T. i Munjas, R. (2006). Emocionalna inteligencija: teorija, op- eracionalizacija, primjena i povezanost s pozitivnom psihologijom. Društvena istraživanja, 4‒5, 729‒752.
Takšić, V., Mohorić, T., & Duran, M. (2009). Emotional skills and competence questionnaire (ESCQ) as a self‒report measure of emotional intelligence. Psihološka obzorja, 18(3), 7‒21.
Takšić, V., Rukavina, T., & Linardić, M. (2005). Emotional intelligence in high school students in regular and sport grammar school. In D. Milanović, & F. Prot (Eds.), 4th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology ‒ Science and profession
– Challenge for the future (str. 679‒682). Zagreb: Faculty of kinesiology, Uni- versity of Zagreb.
Torchiano, M. (2017). effsize: Efficient Effect Size Computation. R package version
0.7.1. Preuzeto sa: https://CRAN.R‒project.org/package=effsize
Trinidad, D. R., & Johnson, C. A. (2000). The association between emotional intel- ligence and early adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Personality and Indi- vidual Differences 32, 95‒105. doi:10.1016/S0191‒8869(01)00008‒3
Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. M. (2000). The study of emotion in sport and exer- cise. In L. Y. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in Sport (pp. 3‒37). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Van Rooy, D. L., Alonso, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Group differences in emo- tional intelligence scores: Theoretical and practical implications. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 689‒700. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.023
Van Rooy, D. L., Viswesvaran, C., & Pluta, P. (2005). An Evaluation of Construct Validity: What Is This Thing Called Emotional Intelligence? Human Perfor- mance, 18(4), 445‒462. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1804_9
Warwick, J., & Nettelbeck, T. ( 2004 ). Emotional intelligence is … ? Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1091 – 1100. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.12.003
Zizzi, S. L., Deaner, H. R., & Hirschhorn, D. K. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and performance among college baseball players. Jor- nal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 262‒269. doi:10.1080/10413200305390
Botterill, C., & Brown, M. (2002). Emotion and perspective in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 38‒60.
Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, discriminant, and incremen- tal validity of competing measures of emotional intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1147–1158. doi:10.1177/0146167203254596 Brackett, M. A., Mayer, J. D., & Warner, R. M. (2004). Emotional intelligence and its relation to everyday behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 36,
1387‒1402. doi:10.1016/S0191‒8869(03)00236‒8
Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., & Salovey, P. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Im- plications for personal, social, academic, and workplace success. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 88–103. doi:10.1111/j.1751‒ 9004.2010.00334.x
Brannick, M. T., Wahi, M. M., Arce, M., & Johnson, H. A. ( 2009 ). Comparison of trait and ability measures of emotional intelligence in medical students. Medical Education, 43, 1062 – 1068. doi:10.1111/j.1365‒2923.2009.03430.x
Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.).
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Costarelli, V., & Stamou, D. (2009). Emotional Intelligence, Body Image and Disor- dered Eating Attitudes in Combat Sport Athletes. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 7(2), 104‒111. doi:10.1016/S1728‒869X(09)60013‒7
Crombie, D.T., Lombard, C., & Noakes, T.D. (2009). Emotional Intelligence Scores Predict Team Sports Performance in a National Cricket Competi- tion. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 4(2), 209‒224. doi:10.1260/174795409788549544
Davis, S. K., & Humphrey, N. (2012). Emotional intelligence predicts adolescent mental health beyond personality and cognitive ability. Personality and Indi- vidual Differences, 52(2), 144‒149. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.016
Delacre, M., Lakens, D., & Leys, C. (2017). Why psychologists should by default use Welch’s t‒test instead of student’s t‒test. International Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 92‒101. doi:10.5334/irsp.82
Gadermann, A. M., Guhn, M., & Zumbo, B. D. (2012). Estimating ordinal reliability for Likert‒type and ordinal item response data: A conceptual, empirical, and practical guide. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 17(3).
Gil‒Olarte, P., Palomera Martin, R., & Brackett, M. A. (2006). Relating emotional intelligence to social competence and academic achievement in high school students. Psicothema, 18, 118–123.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Hanin, Y. L. (2000). Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) Model: Emo- tion Performance Relationships in Sports. In L. Y. Hanin (Ed.), Emotion in Sport (pp. 65‒89). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Jones, G. (2002). Performance excellence: A personal perspective on the link be- tween sport and business. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 268 –281. doi:10.1080/10413200290103554
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta‒analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 54‒78. doi:10.1037/a0017286
Kohr, R. L., & Games, P. A. (1974). Robustness of the analysis of variance, the Welch procedure and a box procedure to heterogeneous variances. Journal of Ex- perimental Education, 43(1), 61‒69. doi:10.1080/00220973.1974.10806305 Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012) The relationship between bullying, vic- timization, trait emotional intelligence, self‒efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Social Psychology of Education, 15(1), 41‒58. doi:10.1007/
s11218‒011‒9168‒9
Laborde, S., Dosseville, F., & Allen, M. S. (2016). Emotional Intelligence in Sport and Exercise: A Systematic Review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Sci- ence in Sports, 26, 862‒874. doi:10.1111/sms.12510
Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R., Lowther, J., & Devonport, T. (2009). Emotional intelli- gence and psychological skills use among athletes. Social Behavior and Per- sonality, 37(2), 195‒201. doi:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.195
Libbrecht, N., & Lievens, F. (2012). Validity evidence for the situational judgment test paradigm in emotional intelligence measurement. Internationa Journal of Psychology. 47(6), 438‒447. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.682063
Libbrecht, N., Lievens, F., Carette, B., & Côté, S. (2014). Emotional intelligence predicts success in medical school. Emotion, 14(1), 64‒73. doi:10.1037/ a0034392
MacCann, C., & Roberts, R. D. (2008). Assessing emotional intelligence with situ- ational judgment test paradigms: Theory and data. Emotion, 8, 540‒551. doi:10.1037/a0012746
MacCann, C., Pearce, N., & Roberts, R. (2011). Emotional intelligence as assessed by situational judgment and emotion recognition tests: Building the nomo- logical net. Psihologijske teme, 20(3), 393‒412.
MacCann, C., Roberts, R. D., Matthews, G., & Zeidner, M. (2004). Consensus scoring and empirical option weighting of performance‒based Emotional Intelligence (EI) tests. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 645–662. doi:10.1016/ S0191‒8869(03)00123‒5
Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. (2003). Emotional Intelligence: Science and Myth. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intel- ligence, 17, 433–442. doi:10.1016/0160‒2896(93)90010‒3
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1995). Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 4, 197–208. doi:10.1016/S0962‒1849(05)80058‒7
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey &
D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educa- tional implications (pp. 3-34). New York: Basic Books.
Meyer, B. B., & Fletcher, T. B. (2007). Emotional intelligence: A theoretical over- view and implications for research and professional practice. Journal of Ap- plied Sport Psychology. 19, 1‒15. doi:10.1080/10413200601102904
Morey, R. D., & Rouder, J. N. (2015). BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes Factors for Common Designs. R package version 0.9.12‒2. Preuzeto sa: https://CRAN.R‒ project.org/package=BayesFactor
Murphy, K. R. (2014). A critique of emotional intelligence: what are the prob- lems and how can they be fixed? New York, NY: Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9781315820927
Narimani, M., & Basharpoor, S. (2009). Comparison of Attachment Styles and Emotional Intelligence Between Athlete Women (Collective and Individual Sports) and Non‒Athlete Women. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4, 216‒221.
Perlini, A. H., & Halverson, T. R. (2006). Emotional Intelligence in the National Hockey League. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 38(2), 109‒119. doi:10.1037/cjbs2006001
Petrides, K. V. (2011). Ability and trait emotional intelligence. In T. Chamorro‒ Premuzic, S. von Stumm, & A. Furnham (Eds.), The Wiley‒Blackwell hand- books of personality and individual differences. The Wiley‒Blackwell hand- book of individual differences (pp. 656‒678). New Jersey: Wiley‒Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444343120.ch25
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with references to established trait taxonomies. European Jour- nal of Personality, 15, 425–448. doi:10.1002/per.416
Revelle, W. (2017). psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA. Preuzeto sa: https:// CRAN.R‒project.org/package=psych Version = 1.7.8.
Rivers, S. E., Brackett, M. A., Reyes, M. R., Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2012). Measuring Emotional Intelligence in Early Adolescence With the MSCEIT‒YV: Psychometric Properties and Relationship With Academic Per- formance and Psychosocial Functioning. Journal of Psychoeducational Assess- ment, 30, 344‒366. doi:10.1177/0734282912449443
Salovey, P., & Sluyter, D. J. (1999). Emotional development and emotional intelli- gence: Implications for educators. New York: Basic Books.
Smith, T. W. (2004). Developing and evaluating cross‒national survey instruments In S. Presser, J. M. Rothgeb, M.P. Couper, J.T. Lessler, E. Martin, J. Martin, et al. (Eds.), Methods for testing and evaluating survey questionnaires (pp. 431– 452). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471654728.ch21
Stough, C., Clements, M., Wallish, L., & Downey, L. (2009). Emotional Intelligence in Sport: Theoretical Linkages and Preliminary Empirical Relationships from Basketball. In C. Stough, D. Saklofske, & J. Parker (Eds.), Assessing Emotion- ale Intelligence: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 291‒305). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978‒0‒387‒88370‒0_15
Stough, C., Saklofske, D., & Parker, J. (2009). A Brief Analysis of 20 Years of Emo- tional Intelligence: An Introduction to Assessing Emotional Intelligence: The- ory, Research and Applications. In C. Stough, D. Saklofske, & J. Parker (Eds.), Assessing Emotionale Intelligence: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 3‒8). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978‒0‒387‒88370‒0_1
Szabo, A., & Urban, F. (2014). Do combat sports develop emotional intelligence?
Kinesiology, 46(1), 53‒60. doi:796.853.23:796.83:159.9.952
Takšić, V. (1998). Validacija konstrukta emocionalne inteligencije. Nepublikovana doktorska disertacija. Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Zagrebu.
Takšić, V. (2002). Upitnici emocionalne inteligencije (kompetentnosti). U K. Lacković‒Grgin, A. Bautović, V. Ćubela i Z. Penezić (ur.), Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika (str. 27‒45). Filozofski fakultet, Zadar.
Takšić, V., Mohorić, T. i Munjas, R. (2006). Emocionalna inteligencija: teorija, op- eracionalizacija, primjena i povezanost s pozitivnom psihologijom. Društvena istraživanja, 4‒5, 729‒752.
Takšić, V., Mohorić, T., & Duran, M. (2009). Emotional skills and competence questionnaire (ESCQ) as a self‒report measure of emotional intelligence. Psihološka obzorja, 18(3), 7‒21.
Takšić, V., Rukavina, T., & Linardić, M. (2005). Emotional intelligence in high school students in regular and sport grammar school. In D. Milanović, & F. Prot (Eds.), 4th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology ‒ Science and profession
– Challenge for the future (str. 679‒682). Zagreb: Faculty of kinesiology, Uni- versity of Zagreb.
Torchiano, M. (2017). effsize: Efficient Effect Size Computation. R package version
0.7.1. Preuzeto sa: https://CRAN.R‒project.org/package=effsize
Trinidad, D. R., & Johnson, C. A. (2000). The association between emotional intel- ligence and early adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Personality and Indi- vidual Differences 32, 95‒105. doi:10.1016/S0191‒8869(01)00008‒3
Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. M. (2000). The study of emotion in sport and exer- cise. In L. Y. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in Sport (pp. 3‒37). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Van Rooy, D. L., Alonso, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Group differences in emo- tional intelligence scores: Theoretical and practical implications. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 689‒700. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.023
Van Rooy, D. L., Viswesvaran, C., & Pluta, P. (2005). An Evaluation of Construct Validity: What Is This Thing Called Emotional Intelligence? Human Perfor- mance, 18(4), 445‒462. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1804_9
Warwick, J., & Nettelbeck, T. ( 2004 ). Emotional intelligence is … ? Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1091 – 1100. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.12.003
Zizzi, S. L., Deaner, H. R., & Hirschhorn, D. K. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and performance among college baseball players. Jor- nal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 262‒269. doi:10.1080/10413200305390
