EXPLORING ALTERNATIVES FOR VISUAL WORD GRAMMATICAL PRIMING PROCEDURE: AN ERP STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.1.127-142Keywords:
grammatical priming, oddball paradigm, ERPAbstract
In search of the optimal method for assessing grammatical context effects on the visual word processing, we designed a study to demonstrate that in a simple task of reacting to “oddball“ word pairs, subjects read and linguistically processed both the function and the content word simultaneously presented in a given pair. Properties of the oddball ERP paradigm allowed for stipulation that word pairs would evoke P300 potentials, and that properties and differences between potentials evoked by grammatically congruent and grammatically neutral pairs would indicate a type of stimuli processing. To test such prediction, we paired a noun and a verb with a congruent preposition and a personal pronoun respectively, preceding them to create a grammatically constrained condition, or with the conjunction preceding both target words to create unconstrained condition. The stimuli were employed in the two-stimulus oddball paradigm. Main outcome of our experiment was that the stimuli chosen evoked clear P300 potential as deviants in three out of four situations. More interestingly, in each of the situations P300 peaked well after 400 ms, falling near the upper limit of P300 range as usually reported. Such P300 latencies marked semantic processing (Polich, 2007), and indicated subjects read and linguistically processed both words in pairs. Our results suggested that in order to study effects of the grammatical context on the visual word processing, the standard priming procedure in which primes temporally preceded targets might not be required, or that it could at least be complemented by methods involving simultaneous primes and target presentation less burdened by technical issues.
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References
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Gurjanov, M., Lukatela, G., Lukatela, K., Savić, M., & Turvey, M. T. (1985). Grammatical priming of inflected nouns by the gender of possessive adjectives. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 4, 692–701. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.11.1-4.692
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Katz, L., Rexer, K., & Peter, M. (1995). Case morphology and thematic role in word recognition. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological Aspects of Language Processing (pp. 79–107). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ković, V., Sovilj, P., & Gvozdenović, V. (in preparation). ERP correlates of illusory contours: an odd-ball paradigm.
Kutas, M., Hillyard, S. A., & Donchin, E. (1977). Augmenting mental chronometry: The P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. Science, 197, 792795. doi: 10.1126/science.887923
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Lalović, D. (2010). Grammatical priming does facilitate visual word naming, at least in Serbian. International Journal Information Technologies and Knowledge, 4(3), 203–215.
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Neely, J. H., Keefe, D. E., & Ross, K. L. (1989). Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retrospective semantic matching. Journal or Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1003–1019. doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1003
Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(10), 2128–2148. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019
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Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 55–85). Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.
Renault, B., Ragot, R., Lesevre, N., & Remond, A. (1982). Onset and offset of brain event as indeces of mental chronometry. Science, 215, 14131415. doi:10.1126/science.7063853
Ritter, W., Simson, R., & Vaughan, H. G. (1983). Event-related potential correlates of two stages of information processing in physical and semantic discrimination tasks. Psychophysiology, 20(2), 168179. doi:org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03283.x
Seidenberg, M. S., Waters, G. S., Sanders, M., & Langer, P. (1984). Pre- and postlexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition. Memory & Cognition, 12(4), 315–328. doi:10.3758/BF03198291
Sereno, J. A. (1991). Graphemic, associative, and syntactic priming effects at a brief stimulus onset asynchrony in lexical decision and naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 3, 459–477. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.3.459
Shilling, H. E. H., Rayner, K., & Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision and eye fixation times: Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition, 26(6), 12701281. doi:10.3758/BF03201199
Sovilj, P., Davidović, D., Beljić, Ž., & Ković, V. (2011). Measurement and processing of event-related brain potential records. Proceedings of papers Telfor 2011, 683–686. doi:10.1109/TELFOR.2011.6143638
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643662. doi:10.1037/h0054651
Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1965). Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science, 15, 11871188. doi:10.1126/science.150.3700.1187
West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Robust effects of syntactic structure on visual word processing. Memory & Cognition, 14(2), 104–112. doi:10.3758/BF03198370
Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychology. New York: H. Holt and Company.
Wright, B., & Garret, M. (1984). Lexical decision in sentences: Effects of syntactic structure. Memory & Cognition, 12, 31–45. doi:10.3758/BF03196995
Yap, M., & Balota, D. (2015). Visual Word Recognition. In A. Pollastsek & R. Treiman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Reading (pp. 26–43). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.001.0001
Zevin, J. D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2006). Simulating consistency effects and individual differences in nonword naming: A comparison of current models. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 145–160. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.002
Bowey, J. A. (1996). Grammatical priming of visual word recognition in fourth-grade children. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 1005–1023. doi:10.1080/027249896392414
Carello, C., Lukatela, G., & Turvey, M. T. (1988). Rapid naming is affected by association but not by syntax. Memory and Cognition, 3, 187–195. doi:10.3758/BF03197751
Cortese, M. J., & Balota, D. A. (2013). Visual word recognition in skilled adult readers. In M. J. Spivey, K. McRae, & M. F. Joanisse (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 159–185). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Donchin, E. (1981). Surprise!...Surprise?. Psychophysiology, 18, 493–513. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01815.x
Eddy, M., Schmid, A., & Holcomb, P. J. (2006). Masked repetition priming and event-related brain potentials: A new approach for tracking the time-course of object perception. Psychophysiology, 43(6), 564–568. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00455.x
Goodman, G. O., McClelland, J. L., & Gibbs, R. W. (1981). The role of syntactic context in word recognition. Memory & Cognition, 9(6), 580–586. doi:10.3758/BF03202352
Gurjanov, M., Lukatela, G., Lukatela, K., Savić, M., & Turvey, M. T. (1985). Grammatical priming of inflected nouns by the gender of possessive adjectives. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 4, 692–701. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.11.1-4.692
Gurjanov, M., Lukatela, G., Moskovljević, J., Savić, M., & Turvey, M. T. (1985). Grammatical priming of inflected nouns by inflected adjectives. Cognition, 19, 55–71. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90031-9
Houdé, O. (Ed.). (2004). Dictionary of Cognitive Science. New York and London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis (Psychology Press).
Katz, L., Rexer, K., & Peter, M. (1995). Case morphology and thematic role in word recognition. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological Aspects of Language Processing (pp. 79–107). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ković, V., Sovilj, P., & Gvozdenović, V. (in preparation). ERP correlates of illusory contours: an odd-ball paradigm.
Kutas, M., Hillyard, S. A., & Donchin, E. (1977). Augmenting mental chronometry: The P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. Science, 197, 792795. doi: 10.1126/science.887923
Lalović, D. (2006). Verbalna sposobnost i korišćenje gramatičke informacije u srpskom jeziku. Zbornik Instituta za pedagoška istraživanja, 38, 229–316. doi: 10.2298/ZIPI0602317L
Lalović, D. (2010). Grammatical priming does facilitate visual word naming, at least in Serbian. International Journal Information Technologies and Knowledge, 4(3), 203–215.
Luce, D. R. (1986). Response Times: Their Role in Inferring Elementary Mental Organization. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195070019.001.000
Luck, S. J. (2005). An Introduction to Event-Related Potentials and Their Neural Origins. Boston: MIT Press.
Luck, S. J. (2014). An Introduction to the EventRelated Potential Technique, Second Edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lukatela, G., Kostić, A., Feldman, L. B., & Turvey, M. T. (1983). Grammatical priming of inflected nouns. Memory and Cognition, 1, 59–63. doi:org/10.3758/BF03197662
Lukatela, G., Kostić, A., Todorović, D., Carello, C., & Turvey, M. T. (1987). Type and number of violations and the grammatical congruency effect in lexical decision. Psychological Research, 49, 37–43. doi.org/10.1007/BF00309201
Lukatela, G., Morača, J., Stojnov, D., Savić, M. D., Katz, L., & Turvey, M. T. (1982). Grammatical priming effects between pronouns and inflected verb forms. Psychological Research, 44, 297–311. doi: 10.1007%252FBF00309326
Lupker, S. J. (2005). Visual Word Recognition: Theories and Findings. In M. J. Snowling & C. Hulme (Eds.), The Science of Reading: A Handbook (pp. 39–60). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic context effects on visual word processing: A hybrid prospective/retrospective processing theory. In D. Besner & G. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 236–264). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Neely, J. H., Keefe, D. E., & Ross, K. L. (1989). Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retrospective semantic matching. Journal or Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1003–1019. doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.6.1003
Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(10), 2128–2148. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019
Polich, J. (2012). Neuropsychology of P300. In S. J. Luck & E. S. Kappenman (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components (pp. 159188). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195374148.001.0001
Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 55–85). Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.
Renault, B., Ragot, R., Lesevre, N., & Remond, A. (1982). Onset and offset of brain event as indeces of mental chronometry. Science, 215, 14131415. doi:10.1126/science.7063853
Ritter, W., Simson, R., & Vaughan, H. G. (1983). Event-related potential correlates of two stages of information processing in physical and semantic discrimination tasks. Psychophysiology, 20(2), 168179. doi:org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03283.x
Seidenberg, M. S., Waters, G. S., Sanders, M., & Langer, P. (1984). Pre- and postlexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition. Memory & Cognition, 12(4), 315–328. doi:10.3758/BF03198291
Sereno, J. A. (1991). Graphemic, associative, and syntactic priming effects at a brief stimulus onset asynchrony in lexical decision and naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 3, 459–477. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.3.459
Shilling, H. E. H., Rayner, K., & Chumbley, J. I. (1998). Comparing naming, lexical decision and eye fixation times: Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition, 26(6), 12701281. doi:10.3758/BF03201199
Sovilj, P., Davidović, D., Beljić, Ž., & Ković, V. (2011). Measurement and processing of event-related brain potential records. Proceedings of papers Telfor 2011, 683–686. doi:10.1109/TELFOR.2011.6143638
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643662. doi:10.1037/h0054651
Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1965). Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science, 15, 11871188. doi:10.1126/science.150.3700.1187
West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Robust effects of syntactic structure on visual word processing. Memory & Cognition, 14(2), 104–112. doi:10.3758/BF03198370
Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychology. New York: H. Holt and Company.
Wright, B., & Garret, M. (1984). Lexical decision in sentences: Effects of syntactic structure. Memory & Cognition, 12, 31–45. doi:10.3758/BF03196995
Yap, M., & Balota, D. (2015). Visual Word Recognition. In A. Pollastsek & R. Treiman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Reading (pp. 26–43). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.001.0001
Zevin, J. D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2006). Simulating consistency effects and individual differences in nonword naming: A comparison of current models. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 145–160. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.002
