JOB DEMANDS AND RESOURCES AS PREDICTORS OF BURNOUT AND WORK ENGAGEMENT: MAIN AND INTERACTION EFFECTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.1.105-125Keywords:
job demands, job resources, work burnout, work engagement, Job demands-resources modelAbstract
The hypothetical model of the study was based on three similar theoretical models: Job demands-control, Job demands-control-support, and Job demands-resources, and it categorizes all jobs into four types: "active", "high strain", "low strain", and "passive" job type. The main purpose of the current study was to determine whether there are significant main and interaction effects of job demands and job resources in predicting burnout and work engagement. The proposed hypotheses were tested with a cross‐sectional design among 206 Serbian employes (63% women). Respondents completed Work characteristics questionnaire, Utrecht work engagement scale, and Work burnout scale. Results of ANOVA supported hypotheses regarding the main effect of job demands on burnout, as well as the main effect of job resources on both burnout and work engagement. All main effects were in the expected direction. However, contrary to the proposed hypotheses, none of the interaction effect was found significant. In terms of proposed hypothetical model, it has been shown that employees on the "active" and "low strain" jobs exhibited more work engagement comparing to those on "passive" and "high strain" jobs. Also, employees with the "low strain" job type scored lower on burnout comparing to those with other three types. Research findings were discussed in the context of proposed theoretical models. Finally, practical implications of the study were summarized, as well as future directions.
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References
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Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170–180. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD–R Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 389–411. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands – resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12(4), 393–417. doi:10.1080/13594320344000165
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83–104. doi:10.1002/hrm.20004
Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job Resources Boost Work Engagement, Particularly When Job Demands Are High. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 274–284. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187–200. doi:10.1080/02678370802393649
Bakker, A. B., van Veldhoven, M., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2010). Beyond the Demand-Control Model. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(1), 3–16. doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000006
Berat, N., Jelić, D., & Popov, B. (2016). Serbian version of the Work Burnout Scale from the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: Adaptation and psychometric properties. Applied Psychology, 9(2), 177–198. doi:10.19090/pp.2016.2.177-198
Borritz, M., & Kristensen, T. S. (1999). Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Copenhagen Denmark: National Institute of Occupational Health.
Broeck, A. V. den, Vansteenkiste, M., Witte, H. D., & Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress, 22(3), 277–294. doi:10.1080/02678370802393672
Cox, T., & Griffiths, A. (2010). Work-related stress: a theoretical perspective. In S. Leka & J. Houndmont (Eds.), Occupational Health Psychology (pp. 31–56). Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell.
Crawford, E. R., Lepine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: a theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834–848. doi:10.1037/a0019364
De Jonge, J., & Dormann, C. (2006). Stressors, resources, and strain at work: a longitudinal test of the triple-match principle. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1359–1374. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1359
De Jonge, J., & Kompier, M. A. J. (1997). A Critical Examination of the Demand-Control-Support Model from a Work Psychological Perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 4(4), 235–258. doi:10.1023/B:IJSM.0000008152.85798.90
De Lange, A.H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A.J., Houtman, I.L.D., & Bongers, P.M. (2003). “The very best of the Millennium”: Longitudinal research and the Demand-Control-(Support) model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(4), 282–305. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.8.4.282
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., de Jonge, J., Janssen, P. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27(4), 279–286. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.615
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands–resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.499
Dollard, M. F., Winefield, H. R., Winefield, A. H., & de Jonge, J. (2000). Psychosocial job strain and productivity in human service workers: A test of the demand-control-support model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(4), 501–510. doi:10.1348/096317900167182
Dunnett, C. W. (1980). Pairwise Multiple Comparisons in the Unequal Variance Case. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75(372), 796–800. doi:10.2307/2287161
Elsass, P. M., & Veiga, J. F. (1997). Job control and job strain: a test of three models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2(3), 195–211. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.2.3.195
Ganster, D. C., & Fusilier, M. R. (1989). Control in the workplace. In C. L. Cooper & I. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 235–280). London: Wiley.
Häusser, J. A., Mojzisch, A., Niesel, M., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand–Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being. Work & Stress, 24(1), 1–35. doi:10.1080/02678371003683747
Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1988). Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, 78(10), 1336–1342. doi:10.2105/AJPH.78.10.1336
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308. doi:10.2307/2392498
Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192–207. doi:10.1080/02678370500297720
Leka, S., & Houdmont, J. (Eds.). (2010). Occupational Health Psychology (1 edition). Chichester ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Luchman, J. N., & González-Morales, M. G. (2013). Demands, control, and support: a meta-analytic review of work characteristics interrelationships. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(1), 37–52. doi:10.1037/a0030541
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Meier, L. L., Semmer, N. K., Elfering, A., & Jacobshagen, N. (2008). The double meaning of control: three-way interactions between internal resources, job control, and stressors at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(3), 244–258. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.3.244
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P. J. D. Drenth, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology: Work psychology (Vol. 2) (pp. 5–33). Hove, U.K.: Psychology Press.
Pines, A., & Aronson, E. (1988). Career burnout: causes and cures. New York: Free Press.
Popov, B. (2013). Uslovi na radu i individualna uverenja zaposlenih kao prediktori organizacijskog zdravlja. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet (neobjavljena doktorska disertacija).
Popov, B. (2017). Upitnik karakteristika posla. Neobjavljen manuskript.
Popov, B., Miljanović, M., Stojaković, M., & Matanović, J. (2013). Work stressors, distress, and burnout: the role of coping strategies. Applied Psychology, 6(4), 355–370. doi:10.19090/pp.2013.4.355-370
Popov, B., Raković, S. i Jelić, D. (2017). Model organizacijskog zdravlja: predikcija blagostanja zaposlenih i organizacijske uspešnosti. Primenjena psihologija, 10(1), 81–101. doi:10.19090/pp.2017.1.81-101
Purvanova, R. K., & Muros, J. P. (2010). Gender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 168–185. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. doi:10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. doi:10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893–917. doi:10.1002/job.595
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Development International, 14(3), 204–220. doi:10.1108/13620430910966406
Snyder, L. A., Krauss, A. D., Chen, P. Y., Finlinson, S., & Huang, Y.-H. (2008). Occupational safety: Application of the job demand–control-support model. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(5), 1713–1723. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.06.008
Stansfeld, S. A., & Marmot, M. G. (2002). Stress and the heart: Psychosocial pathways to coronary heart disease. VT, US: BMJ books.
Väänänen, A., Toppinen-Tanner, S., Kalimo, R., Mutanen, P., Vahtera, J., & Peiró, J. M. (2003). Job characteristics, physical and psychological symptoms, and social support as antecedents of sickness absence among men and women in the private industrial sector. Social Science & Medicine, 57(5), 807–824. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00450-1
Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H. D., & Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress, 22(3), 277–294. doi:10.1080/02678370802393672
Van Emmerik, I. J. H. (2004). The more you can get the better: Mentoring constellations and intrinsic career success. Career Development International, 9(6), 578–594. doi:10.1108/13620430410559160
Van Yperen, N. W., & Hagedoorn, M. (2003). Do High Job Demands Increase Intrinsic Motivation or Fatigue or Both? The Role of Job Control and Job Social Support. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 339–348. doi:10.2307/30040627
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Dollard, M. F., Demerouti, E., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Schreurs, P. J. G. (2007). When do job demands particularly predict burnout?: The moderating role of job resources. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(8), 766–786. doi:10.1108/02683940710837714
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170–180. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD–R Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 389–411. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands – resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12(4), 393–417. doi:10.1080/13594320344000165
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83–104. doi:10.1002/hrm.20004
Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job Resources Boost Work Engagement, Particularly When Job Demands Are High. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 274–284. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187–200. doi:10.1080/02678370802393649
Bakker, A. B., van Veldhoven, M., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2010). Beyond the Demand-Control Model. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(1), 3–16. doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000006
Berat, N., Jelić, D., & Popov, B. (2016). Serbian version of the Work Burnout Scale from the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: Adaptation and psychometric properties. Applied Psychology, 9(2), 177–198. doi:10.19090/pp.2016.2.177-198
Borritz, M., & Kristensen, T. S. (1999). Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Copenhagen Denmark: National Institute of Occupational Health.
Broeck, A. V. den, Vansteenkiste, M., Witte, H. D., & Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress, 22(3), 277–294. doi:10.1080/02678370802393672
Cox, T., & Griffiths, A. (2010). Work-related stress: a theoretical perspective. In S. Leka & J. Houndmont (Eds.), Occupational Health Psychology (pp. 31–56). Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell.
Crawford, E. R., Lepine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: a theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834–848. doi:10.1037/a0019364
De Jonge, J., & Dormann, C. (2006). Stressors, resources, and strain at work: a longitudinal test of the triple-match principle. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1359–1374. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1359
De Jonge, J., & Kompier, M. A. J. (1997). A Critical Examination of the Demand-Control-Support Model from a Work Psychological Perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 4(4), 235–258. doi:10.1023/B:IJSM.0000008152.85798.90
De Lange, A.H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A.J., Houtman, I.L.D., & Bongers, P.M. (2003). “The very best of the Millennium”: Longitudinal research and the Demand-Control-(Support) model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(4), 282–305. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.8.4.282
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., de Jonge, J., Janssen, P. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27(4), 279–286. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.615
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands–resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.499
Dollard, M. F., Winefield, H. R., Winefield, A. H., & de Jonge, J. (2000). Psychosocial job strain and productivity in human service workers: A test of the demand-control-support model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(4), 501–510. doi:10.1348/096317900167182
Dunnett, C. W. (1980). Pairwise Multiple Comparisons in the Unequal Variance Case. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75(372), 796–800. doi:10.2307/2287161
Elsass, P. M., & Veiga, J. F. (1997). Job control and job strain: a test of three models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2(3), 195–211. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.2.3.195
Ganster, D. C., & Fusilier, M. R. (1989). Control in the workplace. In C. L. Cooper & I. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 235–280). London: Wiley.
Häusser, J. A., Mojzisch, A., Niesel, M., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand–Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being. Work & Stress, 24(1), 1–35. doi:10.1080/02678371003683747
Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1988). Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health, 78(10), 1336–1342. doi:10.2105/AJPH.78.10.1336
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308. doi:10.2307/2392498
Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192–207. doi:10.1080/02678370500297720
Leka, S., & Houdmont, J. (Eds.). (2010). Occupational Health Psychology (1 edition). Chichester ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Luchman, J. N., & González-Morales, M. G. (2013). Demands, control, and support: a meta-analytic review of work characteristics interrelationships. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(1), 37–52. doi:10.1037/a0030541
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Meier, L. L., Semmer, N. K., Elfering, A., & Jacobshagen, N. (2008). The double meaning of control: three-way interactions between internal resources, job control, and stressors at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(3), 244–258. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.3.244
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P. J. D. Drenth, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology: Work psychology (Vol. 2) (pp. 5–33). Hove, U.K.: Psychology Press.
Pines, A., & Aronson, E. (1988). Career burnout: causes and cures. New York: Free Press.
Popov, B. (2013). Uslovi na radu i individualna uverenja zaposlenih kao prediktori organizacijskog zdravlja. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet (neobjavljena doktorska disertacija).
Popov, B. (2017). Upitnik karakteristika posla. Neobjavljen manuskript.
Popov, B., Miljanović, M., Stojaković, M., & Matanović, J. (2013). Work stressors, distress, and burnout: the role of coping strategies. Applied Psychology, 6(4), 355–370. doi:10.19090/pp.2013.4.355-370
Popov, B., Raković, S. i Jelić, D. (2017). Model organizacijskog zdravlja: predikcija blagostanja zaposlenih i organizacijske uspešnosti. Primenjena psihologija, 10(1), 81–101. doi:10.19090/pp.2017.1.81-101
Purvanova, R. K., & Muros, J. P. (2010). Gender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 168–185. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. doi:10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. doi:10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893–917. doi:10.1002/job.595
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Development International, 14(3), 204–220. doi:10.1108/13620430910966406
Snyder, L. A., Krauss, A. D., Chen, P. Y., Finlinson, S., & Huang, Y.-H. (2008). Occupational safety: Application of the job demand–control-support model. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(5), 1713–1723. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.06.008
Stansfeld, S. A., & Marmot, M. G. (2002). Stress and the heart: Psychosocial pathways to coronary heart disease. VT, US: BMJ books.
Väänänen, A., Toppinen-Tanner, S., Kalimo, R., Mutanen, P., Vahtera, J., & Peiró, J. M. (2003). Job characteristics, physical and psychological symptoms, and social support as antecedents of sickness absence among men and women in the private industrial sector. Social Science & Medicine, 57(5), 807–824. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00450-1
Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H. D., & Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress, 22(3), 277–294. doi:10.1080/02678370802393672
Van Emmerik, I. J. H. (2004). The more you can get the better: Mentoring constellations and intrinsic career success. Career Development International, 9(6), 578–594. doi:10.1108/13620430410559160
Van Yperen, N. W., & Hagedoorn, M. (2003). Do High Job Demands Increase Intrinsic Motivation or Fatigue or Both? The Role of Job Control and Job Social Support. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 339–348. doi:10.2307/30040627
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Dollard, M. F., Demerouti, E., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Schreurs, P. J. G. (2007). When do job demands particularly predict burnout?: The moderating role of job resources. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(8), 766–786. doi:10.1108/02683940710837714
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22.03.2018
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Radošević, V., Jelić, D., Matanović, J., & Popov, B. (2018). JOB DEMANDS AND RESOURCES AS PREDICTORS OF BURNOUT AND WORK ENGAGEMENT: MAIN AND INTERACTION EFFECTS. Primenjena Psihologija, 11(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2018.1.105-125
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