STEREOTYPES IN YOUNG SERBS ABOUT CROATS AND BOSNIAKS PROVOKED BY COLLECTIVE MEMORY STIMULI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2017.4.437-462Keywords:
stereotypes, collective memory, social distance, national identityAbstract
Not many studies have dealt with how Serbs from Serbia see Croats and Bosniaks in the light of the wars from 1990s. In our study, we used a quasi-experimental approach to assess the type of stereotypes provoked in Serbs, and their relationship to social distance and the national identity. The sample consisted of 66 participants of Serbian ethnicity, born between 1991 and 1995, who are residing in Serbia. The instruments included Social Distance Scale, National Identity Scale, socio-demographic questionnaire and a set of collective memory stimuli followed by a set of questions. As stimuli, we used shortened versions of collective memories as described by Ruiz Jiménez (2013), in order to set a context which referred to the 1990s wars. The results have shown that the described stimuli have impactneither on stereotypes nor on the social distance and the national identity of participants. However, the social distance is lower than in previous studies in the region, and Croats are consistently seen in more negative terms than Bosniaks and Serbs.
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References
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Čorkalo, D., & Kamenov, Ž. (2003). National identity and social distance: Does in-group loyalty lead to outgroup hostility? Review of Psychology, 10, 85−94.
Čorkalo, D., Ajduković, D., Weinstein, H., Stover, E., Đipa, D., & Biro, M. (2004). Neighbours again? Inter-community relations after ethnic violence. In Stover, E., Weinstein, H.M. (Eds.) My neighbour, my enemy: Justice and community in the aftermath of mass atrocity, (pp. 143−161). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511720352
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Jelić, M., Kamenov, Ž. Mihić, V., Bodroža, B., & Jelić, D. (2017). Various forms of national attachment in Croatia and Serbia with respect to relevant socio-demographic variables. Paper presented at the 23. Ramiro and Zoran Bujas Days, Zagreb, Croatia.
Kamenov, Ž., Jelić, M., Huić, A., Franceško, M., &Mihić, V. (2006). Odnos nacionalnog i europskog identiteta i stavova prema europskim integracijama građana Zagreba i Novog Sada [The relation of national and European identities and attitudes towards European integrations of citizens of Zagreb and Novi Sad]. Društvena istraživanja, 15, 867−890.
Kandido-Jakšić, M. (2008). Social distance and attitudes towards ethnically mixed marriages. Psihologija, 41, 149−162. doi:10.2298/PSI0802149K
Liu, J. H., & Hilton, D. J. (2005). How the past weighs on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 537−556. doi:10.1037/e633942013-081.
Lobato, R. M., Moya, M., & Trujillo, H. (2015). The image of “conflict”: The content of the stereotype towards Palestinian and Israelis is influenced by the media. International Humanities Studies, 2, 69−90.
Majstorović, D., & Turjačanin, V. (2013). Socio-psychological characteristics of the ethnic distances in youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In D. Majstorović & V. Turjačanin (Eds.), Youth Ethnic and National Identity in Bosnia and Herzegovina (pp. 190−209). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Malinowski, B. (1926). Myth in primitive psychology. In I. Strenski (Ed.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth (pp. 77−116). Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400862801.77
Mihić, V. (2006). Razvijenost i povezanost evropskog i nacionalnog identiteta kod stanovnikaVojvodine [State and relation of European and national identity in inhabitants of Vojvodina] (Unpublished magister dissertation). University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
Mihić, V., Varga, S., Surla, L., & Karan, M. (2016). Pozitivnost etničkih stereotipa prema etničkim manjinama kod učenika osnovnih i srednjih škola u Vojvodini [Positivity of ethnic stereotypes of ethnic minorities in elementary and high-school students in Vojvodina]. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 41, 305−322. doi:10.19090/gff.2016.2.305-322.
Milošević, L. (2004). Srbi o drugima, društvena udaljenost Srba od pripadnika drugih naroda, nacionalnih manjina i etničkih grupa u jugoistočnoj Srbiji [Serbs about the others, social distance of Serbs from other nationalities, ethnic minorities and ethnic groups in south-eastern Serbia]. In Lj. Mitrović, D. B. Đorđević, & D. Todorović (Eds.), Kvalitet međuetničkih odnosa, svest o regionalnom identitetu i mogućnosti saradnje i integracije na Balkanu [The quality of interethnic relations, the awareness of regional identity and the possibilities of cooperation and integration in the Balkans] (pp. 95−112). Niš: Sven.
Novick, P. (1999). The Holocaust in American life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Olick, J. K., & Robbins, J. (1998). Social memory studies: From “collective memory” to the historical sociology of mnemonic practices. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 105−140. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.105.
Petrović, N. (2003). Međusobni stereotipi Hrvata, Bošnjaka i Srba u svetlu dvofaktorske teorije predrasuda [Mutual stereotypes of Croats, Bosniaks, and Serbs in the light of the two-factor prejudice theory]. Sociologija, 45, 15−32.
Popadić, D., & Biro, M. (1999). Autostereotipi i heterostereotipi Srba u Srbiji [Autostereotypes and hetherostereotypes of Serbs in Serbia]. Nova srpka politička misao, 1−2, 89−109.
Puhalo, S. (2012). Razlike u socijalnoj percepciji etničkih grupa i pojedinaca kod učenika trećeg razreda gimnazija u Mostaru, Banjoj Luci i Sarajevu [Differences in social perception of ethnic groups and individuals in students of the 3rd grade of grammar school in Mostar, Banja Luka and Sarajevo]. Sarajevski žurnal za društvena pitanja, 1, 245−262.
Rodríguez, R., & Moya, M. (1998). España vista desde andalucía: estereotipos e identidad [Spain as seen from Andalusia: stereotypes and identity]. Psicología Política, 16(1), 27–48.
Rosa, A., Bellelli, G., & Bakhurst, D. (2000). Tracce. Studi sulla memoria collettiva [Traces. Studies on collective memory]. Liguori: Liguori Publications.
Ruiz Jiménez, J.A. (2013). Las sombras de la barbarie. La confrontación de las memorias colectivas en los países ex-Yugoslavos [The shadows of barbarity. Confrontation of collective memories in ex-Yugoslav countries]. Balcania, 3, 118−141.
Schwartz, B., Fukuoka, K., & Takita-Ishii, S. (2005). Collective memory: Why culture matters. In M. Jacobs &N. W. Nanrahan (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to the sociology of culture (pp. 253−271). Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/9780470996744.ch17
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33−47). Pacific Grove: Brooks-Cole Publishing.
Turjačanin, V. (2004). Ethnic stereotypes among Bosniak and Serbian youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Psihologija, 37, 357−374. doi:10.2298/psi0403357t
Turjačanin, V. (2007). Psihosocijalni prostor i etnički odnosi mladih [Psychosocial space and ethnic relations of the youth]. Banja Luka: Filozofski fakultet u Banjoj Luci.
Wagner, W., Kronberger, N., & Seifert, F. (2002). Collective symbolic coping with new technology: Knowledge, images, and public discourse. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 323−343. doi:10.1348/014466602760344241.
Wagoner, B. (2014). A sociocultural approach to peace and conflict. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20, 187−190. doi:10.1037/pac0000019
Wertsch, J. V. (2007). National narratives and the conservative nature of collective memory. Neohelicon, 34, 23−33. doi:10.1007/s11059-007-2003-9
Wertsch, J. V. (2008). Blank spots in collective memory: A case study of Russia. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 617, 58−71. doi:10.1177/0002716207312870
Winter, J. (2010). Sites of memory and the shadow of war. In A. Erll & A. Nunning (Eds.), Medien und kulturelleerinnerung [Media and cultural memory](pp. 61−74). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Bar-Tal, D. (2014). Collective memory as social representations. Papers on Social Representations, 23, 5.1−5.26.
Bellelli, G., Curci, A., & Leone, G. (2007). Social and cognitive determinants of collective memory for public events. In J. Valsiner & A. Rosa (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of sociocultural psychology (pp. 625−644). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611162.
Biro, M., Mihić, V., Milin, P., & Logar-Đurić, S. (2002). Did socio-political changes in Serbia changed the level of authoritarianism and ethnocentrism of citizens? Psihologija, 35, 37−47. doi:10.2298/PSI0201037B.
Bogardus, E. S. (1926). Social distance in the city. Proceedings and Publications of the American Sociological Society, 20(1926), 40-46.
Čehajić-Clancy, S. (2012). Coming to terms with the past marked by collective crimes: Acceptance of collective moral responsibility as a predictor of reconciliation and Peaceful Future. In O. Simić, Z. Volčić, & C. Philipot (Eds.), Peace psychology in the Balkans: Dealing with a violent past while building peace (pp. 235−244). Springer Publications. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1948-8_14.
Čehajić-Clancy, S. (2015). Dealing with ingroup committed atrocities: Moral responsibility and group-based guilt. In E. Halperin & K. Sharvit (Eds.), The social psychology of intractable conflicts (pp. 103−115). New York: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17861-5_8.
Cinnirella, M. (1997). Towards a European identity? Interactions between the national and European social identities manifested by university students in Britain and Italy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36(1), 19-31. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1997.tb01116.x
Collins, J. (2004). Occupied by memory: The intifada generation and the Palestinian state of emergency. New York: NYU Press.
Čorkalo Biruški, D., & Ajduković, D. (2008). Sklonost međuetničkoj diskriminaciji djece i međuetnički stavovi i ponašanja njihovih roditelja: Promjene tijekom vremena u podijeljenoj zajednici [Children’s tendencies to interethnic discrimination and interethnic attitudes and behaviours of their parents: Changes during time in a divided community]. Ljetopis socijalnog rada, 15, 377−400.
Čorkalo, D., & Kamenov, Ž. (2003). National identity and social distance: Does in-group loyalty lead to outgroup hostility? Review of Psychology, 10, 85−94.
Čorkalo, D., Ajduković, D., Weinstein, H., Stover, E., Đipa, D., & Biro, M. (2004). Neighbours again? Inter-community relations after ethnic violence. In Stover, E., Weinstein, H.M. (Eds.) My neighbour, my enemy: Justice and community in the aftermath of mass atrocity, (pp. 143−161). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511720352
Čorkalo-Biruški, D., & Ajduković, D. (2012). Što određuje međuetničke stavove adolescenata u podijeljenoj zajednici? [What determines adolescents’ interethnic attitudes in a divided community?]. Društvena istraživanja, 21, 901−921. doi:10.5559/i.21.4.05
Gavriely-Nuri, D. (2013). The normalization of war in Israeli discourse, 1967−2008. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Halbwachs, M. (1950). The collective memory. New York: Harper Colophon.
Halbwachs, M. (2005). Kollektivnaia iistoricheskaiapamiat’ [Collective and historical memory]. Neprikosnovennyizapas, 2, 40−41.
Jelić, M., Kamenov, Ž. Mihić, V., Bodroža, B., & Jelić, D. (2017). Various forms of national attachment in Croatia and Serbia with respect to relevant socio-demographic variables. Paper presented at the 23. Ramiro and Zoran Bujas Days, Zagreb, Croatia.
Kamenov, Ž., Jelić, M., Huić, A., Franceško, M., &Mihić, V. (2006). Odnos nacionalnog i europskog identiteta i stavova prema europskim integracijama građana Zagreba i Novog Sada [The relation of national and European identities and attitudes towards European integrations of citizens of Zagreb and Novi Sad]. Društvena istraživanja, 15, 867−890.
Kandido-Jakšić, M. (2008). Social distance and attitudes towards ethnically mixed marriages. Psihologija, 41, 149−162. doi:10.2298/PSI0802149K
Liu, J. H., & Hilton, D. J. (2005). How the past weighs on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 537−556. doi:10.1037/e633942013-081.
Lobato, R. M., Moya, M., & Trujillo, H. (2015). The image of “conflict”: The content of the stereotype towards Palestinian and Israelis is influenced by the media. International Humanities Studies, 2, 69−90.
Majstorović, D., & Turjačanin, V. (2013). Socio-psychological characteristics of the ethnic distances in youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In D. Majstorović & V. Turjačanin (Eds.), Youth Ethnic and National Identity in Bosnia and Herzegovina (pp. 190−209). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Malinowski, B. (1926). Myth in primitive psychology. In I. Strenski (Ed.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth (pp. 77−116). Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400862801.77
Mihić, V. (2006). Razvijenost i povezanost evropskog i nacionalnog identiteta kod stanovnikaVojvodine [State and relation of European and national identity in inhabitants of Vojvodina] (Unpublished magister dissertation). University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
Mihić, V., Varga, S., Surla, L., & Karan, M. (2016). Pozitivnost etničkih stereotipa prema etničkim manjinama kod učenika osnovnih i srednjih škola u Vojvodini [Positivity of ethnic stereotypes of ethnic minorities in elementary and high-school students in Vojvodina]. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 41, 305−322. doi:10.19090/gff.2016.2.305-322.
Milošević, L. (2004). Srbi o drugima, društvena udaljenost Srba od pripadnika drugih naroda, nacionalnih manjina i etničkih grupa u jugoistočnoj Srbiji [Serbs about the others, social distance of Serbs from other nationalities, ethnic minorities and ethnic groups in south-eastern Serbia]. In Lj. Mitrović, D. B. Đorđević, & D. Todorović (Eds.), Kvalitet međuetničkih odnosa, svest o regionalnom identitetu i mogućnosti saradnje i integracije na Balkanu [The quality of interethnic relations, the awareness of regional identity and the possibilities of cooperation and integration in the Balkans] (pp. 95−112). Niš: Sven.
Novick, P. (1999). The Holocaust in American life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Olick, J. K., & Robbins, J. (1998). Social memory studies: From “collective memory” to the historical sociology of mnemonic practices. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 105−140. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.105.
Petrović, N. (2003). Međusobni stereotipi Hrvata, Bošnjaka i Srba u svetlu dvofaktorske teorije predrasuda [Mutual stereotypes of Croats, Bosniaks, and Serbs in the light of the two-factor prejudice theory]. Sociologija, 45, 15−32.
Popadić, D., & Biro, M. (1999). Autostereotipi i heterostereotipi Srba u Srbiji [Autostereotypes and hetherostereotypes of Serbs in Serbia]. Nova srpka politička misao, 1−2, 89−109.
Puhalo, S. (2012). Razlike u socijalnoj percepciji etničkih grupa i pojedinaca kod učenika trećeg razreda gimnazija u Mostaru, Banjoj Luci i Sarajevu [Differences in social perception of ethnic groups and individuals in students of the 3rd grade of grammar school in Mostar, Banja Luka and Sarajevo]. Sarajevski žurnal za društvena pitanja, 1, 245−262.
Rodríguez, R., & Moya, M. (1998). España vista desde andalucía: estereotipos e identidad [Spain as seen from Andalusia: stereotypes and identity]. Psicología Política, 16(1), 27–48.
Rosa, A., Bellelli, G., & Bakhurst, D. (2000). Tracce. Studi sulla memoria collettiva [Traces. Studies on collective memory]. Liguori: Liguori Publications.
Ruiz Jiménez, J.A. (2013). Las sombras de la barbarie. La confrontación de las memorias colectivas en los países ex-Yugoslavos [The shadows of barbarity. Confrontation of collective memories in ex-Yugoslav countries]. Balcania, 3, 118−141.
Schwartz, B., Fukuoka, K., & Takita-Ishii, S. (2005). Collective memory: Why culture matters. In M. Jacobs &N. W. Nanrahan (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to the sociology of culture (pp. 253−271). Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/9780470996744.ch17
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33−47). Pacific Grove: Brooks-Cole Publishing.
Turjačanin, V. (2004). Ethnic stereotypes among Bosniak and Serbian youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Psihologija, 37, 357−374. doi:10.2298/psi0403357t
Turjačanin, V. (2007). Psihosocijalni prostor i etnički odnosi mladih [Psychosocial space and ethnic relations of the youth]. Banja Luka: Filozofski fakultet u Banjoj Luci.
Wagner, W., Kronberger, N., & Seifert, F. (2002). Collective symbolic coping with new technology: Knowledge, images, and public discourse. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 323−343. doi:10.1348/014466602760344241.
Wagoner, B. (2014). A sociocultural approach to peace and conflict. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 20, 187−190. doi:10.1037/pac0000019
Wertsch, J. V. (2007). National narratives and the conservative nature of collective memory. Neohelicon, 34, 23−33. doi:10.1007/s11059-007-2003-9
Wertsch, J. V. (2008). Blank spots in collective memory: A case study of Russia. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 617, 58−71. doi:10.1177/0002716207312870
Winter, J. (2010). Sites of memory and the shadow of war. In A. Erll & A. Nunning (Eds.), Medien und kulturelleerinnerung [Media and cultural memory](pp. 61−74). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
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Published
11.01.2018
How to Cite
Karić, T., Mihić, V., & Ruiz Jiménez, J. Ángel. (2018). STEREOTYPES IN YOUNG SERBS ABOUT CROATS AND BOSNIAKS PROVOKED BY COLLECTIVE MEMORY STIMULI. Primenjena Psihologija, 10(4), 437–462. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2017.4.437-462
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