The Effect of the Gender Inequality Sensitivity Training Program Based on Active Learning

Dürdane Lafcı Tor; Sümeyye Derin

doi:10.19090/pp.v17i1.2473

Authors

Dürdane Lafcı Tor Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Erciyes University, Türkiye https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2373-1247
Sümeyye Derin Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sakarya University, Türkiye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9102-7561

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.v17i1.2473

Keywords:

gender role, guidance and psychological counselling, active learning, drama

Abstract

In the study, it was aimed to test the effectiveness of the Gender Inequality Sensitivity Training Program Based on Active Learning, which was prepared to develop sensitivity to gender inequality. The research was conducted with 26 participants studying in the Guidance and Psychological Counselling department of a university in the Central Anatolia Region in the 2019-2020 academic year. This study is a mixed-method research. In the quantitative part of the research, a quasi-experimental application was conducted with a 2x2 pre-test-post-test control group. In the qualitative part, the activity products and assignments obtained during the training were evaluated. The quantitative data of the research were collected through the Attitudes towards Gender Roles Scale and Personal Information Form, and the qualitative data were collected through the activity products and assignments obtained during the training. A 12-week-long Gender Inequality Sensitivity Training Program Based on Active Learning was applied to the experimental group. The findings showed that the training program increased the gender roles total attitude scores and traditional gender role scores of the experimental group participants significantly. In addition, after the experimental procedure, it was determined that there was a significant difference in favour of the experimental group regarding the total score, female, traditional, and male gender role sub-dimensions between the experimental and control groups. Qualitative findings showed that the program increased participants’ awareness of gender issues.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Akalın, T., & Baş, R. (2018). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin kadın sanatçılara yansıması [The reflection of gender inequality on women artists]. Marmara Üniversitesi Kadın ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 112-128. https://doi.org/10.26695/mukatcad.2018.21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26695/mukatcad.2018.21

Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. A. Murchison (Ed.), A handbook of social psychology (p.798-844). Worcester, Massachusetts: Clark Univ. Press.

Alptekin, D. (2014). Çelişik duygularda toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığı sorgusu: Üniversite gençliğinin cinsiyet algısına dair bir araştırma [Inquiry of gender discrimination in contrast emotions: A study on perception of gender of youth unıversity]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 32, 203-211.

Altınova, H. H., & Adıgüzel, Ö. (2013). Yaratıcı drama yöntemiyle verilen toplumsal cinsiyet eğitimi programının değerlendirilmesi [Effect of creative drama method to gender role conscious of women]. Yaratıcı Drama Dergisi, 8(2), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.21612/yader.2013.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21612/yader.2013.002

American Counseling Association [ACA] (2014). ACA Code of ethics: As approved by the ACA

Government Council., Available at: http://www.counseling.org [accessed 17 March 2023]. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119221548.ch21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119221548.ch21

Ashton-Hay, S. (2005). Drama: Engaging all learning styles. In Proceedings 9th International INGED (Turkish English Education Association) Conference, Economics and Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.

Aslan, G. (2015). Öğretmen adaylarının toplumsal cinsiyet algılarına ilişkin metaforik bir çözümleme [A metaphoric analysis regarding gender perceptions of preservice teachers]. Education and Science, 40(181), 363-384. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2015.2930 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2015.2930

Ayaydın-Cebe, G.Ö. (2016). Halide Edip’in Zeyno’nun Oğlu romanında analar, oğul ve kutsal vatan [Mothers son and the holy motherland in Halide Edip’s novel Zeyno’nun Oğlu]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(2), 79-94.

Aydın, M., Bekar, E., Yılmaz-Gören, Ş., & Sungur, M.A. (2016). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumları [Attitudes of nursing students regarding to gender roles]. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(1), 223-242. https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.vi.455842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.vi.455842

Aydın-Avcı, İ., Öz Yıldırım, Ö., Çelik Eren, D., & Gürkan, S. (2021). Toplumsal cinsiyet farkındalık eğitiminin işçi kadınların toplumsal cinsiyet rol tutumlarına etkisi [The impact of gender awareness training on gender role attitudes of working women]. Ankara Medikal Journal, 21(1), 163-175. https://doi.org/10.5505/amj.2021.34711. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5505/amj.2021.34711

Aylaz, R., Güneş, G., Uzun, Ö., & Ünal, S. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rolüne yönelik görüşleri [Opinions of university students on gender roles]. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 23(5), 183-189.

Ball, S. (1999). International drama in education conference. Texts and transformations: Drama, theatre and active learning. Research in Drama Education, 4(1), 116-116.

Başar, F. (2017). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği: Kadın sağlığına etkisi [Social gender inequality: Its effect on women’s healt]. ACU Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3, 131-137. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.359281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.359281

Başar, F. (2020). Toplumsal cinsiyet [Gender role]. Akademisyen Kitabevi DOI: https://doi.org/10.37609/akya.1947

Bingöl, O. (2014). Toplumsal cinsiyet olgusu ve Türkiye'de kadınlık [The fact of gender and womanhood in Türkiye]. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2014(3), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.18493/kmusekad.36760 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18493/kmusekad.36760

Bonwell, C. C., & Eison, J. A. (1991). Active learning: Creating excitement in the classroom. 1991 ASHE-ERIC higher education reports. ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, The George Washington University, One Dupont Circle, Suite 630, Washington, DC 20036-1183.

Brame, C. (2016). Active learning. Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching.

Bulut, M. (2013). Türkçe eğitimi ve öğretiminde dil ve kültür aktarımı aracı olarak atasözleri ve deyimlerin önemi [Importance of proverbs and idioms as a means of language and culture transfer in Turkish education and instruction]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 8(13), 559-575. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.5993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.5993

Büstan, Ö. (2015). Toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında televizyon reklamlarında geleneksel kadın tiplemesi: Deterjan reklamlarında kadının temsili [Traditional woman character (typing) in tv commercial in the context of gender representation of women in detergent advertisements]. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 167-184. https://doi.org/10.19129/sbad.20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19129/sbad.20

Büyüköztük, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., Demirel, F., & Kılıç, E. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem Akademi Publication.

Cangöz, İ. (2013). İletişim fakültesi öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet farkındalığı ve cinsiyetçi şiddetle ilgili görüşleri [Students' communication gender awareness and views on gender-based violence]. İletişim, (19), 41-64.

Cohen, J. (2007). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press.

Cresswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson.

Dagadu, N. A., Barker, K. M., Okello, S. B., Kerner, B., Simon, C., Nabembezi, D., & Lundgren, R. I. (2022). Fostering gender equality and reproductive and sexual health among adolescents: results from a quasi-experimental study in Northern Uganda. BMJ Open, 12(3), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053203

Daniluk, J. C., Stein, M., & Bockus, D. (1995). The ethics of inclusion: Gender as a critical component of counselor training. Counselor Education and Supervision, 34(4), 294-307. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1995.tb00196.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1995.tb00196.x

Derin, S. & Çetinkaya-Yıldız, E. (2018). An Adlerian analysis of “The Kid” movie. Education & Science, 43(193), 317-335. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2018.6803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2018.6803

Desan, P. H., Setton, M. K., Holzer, A. A., Young, K. C., Sun, Y., He, F., ... & Yu, X. (2021). Attitude change after a curriculum on the science and philosophy of well‐being and happiness for high school students: A classroom‐randomized trial. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(4), 1333-1348. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12419 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12419

Dhar, D., Jain, T., & Jayachandran, S. (2018). Reshaping adolescents’ gender attitudes: Evidence from a school-based experiment in India. National Bureau of Economic Research. 112(3), 899-927. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201112

Dorius, S. F., & Firebaugh, G. (2010). Trends in global gender inequality. Social Forces, 88(5), 1941-1968. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0040

Dökmen, Z. (2004). Toplumsal cinsiyet [Gender role]. Sistem Publication.

Dursun, A. (2020). Kadına yönelik şiddet: ergenlerin toplumsal cinsiyet algılarının yordayıcılığı [Violence against women: The predictive of adolescents' perceptions of gender]. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, 3(6), 33-44.

Dursun, Ç. (2013). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin üniversitede güçlendirilmesi ve GENOVATE: Kurum kültürü ve ikliminde cinsiyet eşitliğine dair bir değini [Strengthening gender equality at university and GENOVATE: A reference to gender equality in corporate culture and climate]. Mülkiye Dergisi, 37(4), 149-170.

Elson, D., & Fontana, M. (2019). Conceptualizing gender-equitable inclusive growth. In: D. Elson & A. Seth (Eds.), Gender equality and inclusive growth: Economic policies to achieve sustainable development. UN Women. https://doi.org/10.18356/5cd0e168-en. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/5cd0e168-en

Enns, C. Z. (2000). Gender issues in counseling. In S.D. Brown & R.W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of Counseling Psychology (3rd ed.) (pp. 601-638). Wiley.

Erol, D.D. (2013). Toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında Türkiye yazılı basınında şiddet haberleri ve haber fotoğrafları [Violence news and news photographs in the context of gender in Turkish press.] Selçuk İletişim, 8(1), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.18094/si.49053

Etiler, N., & Zengin, Ü. (2015). Televizyon kanallarındaki gündüz programlarında kadın sağlığı ve toplumsal cinsiyete bakışın değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of view to women’s health and gender in television channels’ daytime programmes]. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 13(2), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.20518/thsd.02616 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20518/thsd.02616

Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2007). Research design in counseling. Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Huda, S., Ali, T. S., Nanji, K., & Cassum, S. (2016). Perceptions of undergraduate nursing students regarding active learning strategies, and benefits of active learning. International Journal of Nursing Education, 8(4), 193-199. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-9357.2016.00151.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-9357.2016.00151.3

Jackson, M. W., & Prosser, M. T. (1989). Less lecturing, more learning. Studies in Higher Education, 14(1), 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075078912331377612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075078912331377612

Joshi, A. (2015). Need for gender sensitive counselling interventions in India. Psychological Studies, 60, 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-015-0317-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-015-0317-7

Kalaycı, N. (2015). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği açısından bir çizgi film çözümlemesi: Pepee [Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği açısından bir çizgi film çözümlemesi [Analyses of the cartoon series from a gender equality perspective: Pepee]. Education and Science, 40(177), 243-270. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2015.3836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2015.3836

Kamarulzaman, L. M., Ghani, M. T. A., & Daud, W. A. W. (2018). The effect of active learning intervention on students’ attitudes towards English: A study at universiti teknologi petronas. International Online Journal of Language, Communication, and Humanities, 1(2), 1-8. Retrieved from http://insaniah.umk.edu.my/journal/index.php/insaniah/article/view/14

Karaca, Y., & Papatya, N. (2011). Reklamlardaki kadın imgesi: Ulusal televizyon reklamlarına ilişkin bir değerlendirme [The woman image in advertisements: An evaluation related to national television advertisements.] Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 479-500.

Kennedy, R. (2007). In-class debates: Fertile ground for active learning and the cultivation of critical thinking and oral communication skills. International Journal of Teaching & Learning in Higher Education, 19(2), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787409343186

Kennedy, R. R. (2009). The power of in-class debates. Active learning in higher education, 10(3), 225-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787409343186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787409343186

Kıran, E. (2017). Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri bağlamında Türkiye’de çocuk gelinler [Gender roles and child marriage in Türkiye] Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, ICOMEP 2017 Özel Sayısı, 1-8.

Kırcı-Uğurlu, E. (2014). Kültürel bellek aktarıcısı olarak ninni [Lullaby as cultural memory transmitter]. Millî Folklor, (102), 43-52.

Kızkapan, O., & Bektaş, O. (2017). The effect of project based learning on seventh grade students’ academic achievement. International Journal of Instruction, 10(1), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.1013a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.1013a

Kilmen, S. (2015). Eğitim araştırmacıları için SPSS uygulamalı istatistik [SPSS applied statistics for educational researchers]. Edge Akademi.

Klasen, S. (2002). Low schooling for girls, slower growth for all? Cross‐country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development. The World Bank Economic Review, 16(3), 345-373. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhf004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhf004

Koçak, S. (2017). Göç filmlerinin toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında görsel analizi: “Almanya Acı Vatan” ve “Polizei” film örnekleri [Visual analysis of migration films in the context of gender: “Almanya Acı Vatan” and “Police” movie samples]. Sosyoloji Konferansları, 0(55), 59-83.

Koçyiğit-Özyiğit, M., Alkan, E., & Yılmaz, M. (2017). Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri duyarlılığı grup rehberliği programının psikolojik danışman adaylarının toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumlarına etkisi [The effects of gender sensitivity group guidance programs on counselor candidates’ gender roles attitude]. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(49), 315-326. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1583

Koyuncu Şahin, M., & Çoban, A. (2019). Türkiye'de eğitim alanında toplumsal cinsiyet üzerine yapılmış çalışmalara toplu bir bakış [An investigation of scientific studies on the concept of gender in Türkiye]. Journal of International Social Research, 12(64), 588-599. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3381

Kul-Uçtu, A., & Karahan, N. (2016). Sağlık yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin cinsiyet rolleri, toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ve şiddet eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the relationship between gender roles, gender perceptions and violence tendencies of health school students]. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(8), 2882-2905. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.267086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.267086

Kükrer, M., & Kıbrıs, İ. (2017). CEDAW öncesi ve sonrası ortaokul Türkçe ders kitaplarında yer alan toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği faktörünün değerlendirilmesi [The evaluation of social gender equality factor in the secondary school Turkish textbooks before and after CEDAW]. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(3), 1369-1383. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2017.17.31178-338836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2017.17.31178-338836

Lim, J., Ko, H., Yang, J. W., Kim, S., Lee, S., Chun, M. S., ... & Park, J. (2019). Active learning through discussion: ICAP framework for education in health professions. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1901-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1901-7

Linton, D. L., Pangle, W. M., Wyatt, K. H., Powell, K. N., & Sherwood, R. E. (2014). Identifying key features of effective active learning: The effects of writing and peer discussion. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 13(3), 469-477. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.13-12-0242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.13-12-0242

Lwamba, E., Shisler, S., Ridlehoover, W., Kupfer, M., Tshabalala, N., Nduku, P., ... & Snilstveit, B. (2022). Strengthening women's empowerment and gender equality in fragile contexts towards peaceful and inclusive societies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(1), e1214. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1214

McCaslin, N. (2006). Creative drama in the classroom and beyond. Pearson.

Mentiş-Taş, A. (2005). Öğretmen eğitiminde aktif öğrenme [Active learning in teacher training]. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 177-184.

Miller, E., Culyba, A. J., Paglisotti, T., Massof, M., Gao, Q., Ports, K. A., ... & Jones, K. A. (2020). Male adolescents’ gender attitudes and violence: Implications for youth violence prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(3), 396-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.009

Nas, A. (2015). Kadına yönelik simgesel şiddet aracı olarak temizlik ürünleri reklamlarının eleştirel analizi [Critical analysis of cleaning product advertisements as a tool of symbolic violence against women]. Akdeniz İletişim, 24, 11-30. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.437205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.437205

Nelmes, J. (2012). Introduction to film studies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203824139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203824139

Nguyen, C. V., & Tarp, F. (2022). Changing male perceptions of gender equality: Evidence from a randomised controlled trial study. World Development, 158, 106019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106019

Özcan, A., Karataş, N., & Seviğ, E. Ü. (2017). The effect of gender education on gender role attitudes of university students. Researcher, 5(4), 53-67.

Özdemir, M. (2010). Türkiye'deki reklâmlarda toplumsal cinsiyet ve sunumu [Gender and presentation in advertisement in Türkiye]. Milli Folklor Dergisi, 11(88), 101-111.

Özpulat, F. (2017). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin şiddet eğilimleri ile toplumsal cinsiyet algıları arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between nursing students’ violent tendencies and gender perceptions]. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 151-161.

Prince, M. (2004). Does active learning work? A review of the research. Journal of Engineering Education, 93(3), 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2004.tb00809.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2004.tb00809.x

Rankin, B. H., & Aytaç, I. A. (2006). Gender inequality in schooling: The case of Türkiye. Sociology of Education, 79(1), 25-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070607900102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070607900102

Robinson-Wood, T. (2016). The convergence of race, ethnicity, and gender: Multiple identities in counseling. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071800737 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071800737

Saatçioğlu, E., & Sabuncuoğlu, A. (2016). İdealize edilmiş erkek bedeninin bir reklam çekiciliği olarak kullanımına yönelik bir araştırma [A study on the idealization of the male body as an advertising appeal]. Global Media Journal Turkish Edition, 6(12), 434-456.

Şahin, H. (2018). Buket Uzuner’in Toprak romanında hegemonik erkeklik algısının yansıması ve değişime doğru [The reflection of hegemonic masculinity perception in Buket Uzuner’s soil novel and towards to change]. Turkish Studies, 13(5), 495-509. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.12952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.12952

Seçgin, F., & Kurnaz, Ş. (2015). Sosyal bilgiler dersinde toplumsal cinsiyet etkinliklerinin öğrencilerin algı ve tutumlarına etkisi [The effect of gender activities in social studies lesson on the perception and attitude of the primary education students]. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2015(5), 24-38.

Sekmen, M. (2017). Masallar ve ‘Anlat İstanbul’ filminin toplumsal cinsiyet eleştirisi [Folk tales and gender criticism of the movie ‘Anlat İstanbul’] Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(3), 827-845.

Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (Complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3/4), 591-611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591

Simons, H. W. Berkowitz, N. N., & Moyer, R. J. (1970). Similarity, credibility, and attitude change: A review and a theory. Psychological Bulletin, 73(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028429

Stevens-Smith, P. (1995). Gender issues in counselor education: Current status and challenges. Counselor Education & Supervision, 34(4), 283–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1995.tb00195.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1995.tb00195.x

Sutherland, T. E. (1996). Emerging issues in the discussion of active learning. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 1996(67), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.37219966710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.37219966710

Şenol, D., Erdem, S., Uzun, Z., & Erdem, E. (2016). Toplumsal cinsiyetin bir aktarım aracı olarak çizgi filmler: Sindirella ve Pamuk Prenses örneği [Cartoons as a transmitting tool of gender: Cinderella and Snow White Case]. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 62-87. https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2017225030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2017225030

Taşdelen, B. (2016). Tüketim olgusunun gündelik hayatındaki yerinin toplumsal cinsiyet açısından çocuk dergilerinde incelenmesi [Daily life on the role of consumer cases investigating in the child magazine in terms of gender]. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 4(2), 806-816. https://doi.org/10.19145/gujofoc.04790. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19145/gujofoc.04790

Tezcan, M. (1995). Sosyolojiye giriş [Introduction to sociology]. Gelişim Yayınevi.

Turkish Guidance and Counseling Association [TGCA]. (2021). Psikolojik danışma etik kodları [Counseling ethical codes]. Ankara.

Uçar, T., Aksoy-Derya, Y., Karaaslan, T., & Akbaş-Tunç, Ö. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumları ve şiddet davranışları [The attitudes of university students regarding gender roles and violent behaviours]. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 26(3), 96-103.

United Nations [UN] (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III). Available at: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights [accessed 24 June 2023].

United Nations [UN] (1993). Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, 20 December 1993, General Assembly resolution 48/104. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-elimination-violence-against-women [accessed 16 March 2023].

Ülker, F., & Tanrıseven, İ. (2019). Yaratıcı dramanın ergenlerin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutumu üzerindeki etkisi [The effect of creative drama on the attitude of teenagers towards social gender roles]. Journal of Advanced Education Studies, 1(1), 53-67.

Ward, D.R., & Tiessen, E. L. (1997). Adding educational value to the web: Active learning with alive pages. Educational Technology, 37(5), 22-31.

Watts, C., & Zimmerman, C. (2002). Violence against women: Global scope and magnitude. The Lancet, 359(9313), 1232-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08221-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08221-1

Winston, J. (1996). Emotion, reason, and moral engagement in drama. Research in Drama Education, 1(2), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356978960010204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1356978960010204

Yılmaz, E. B. (2018). The effectiveness of a gender equality course in changing undergraduate midwifery students’ attitudes towards domestic violence and gender roles. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 9(2), 840-847. https://doi.org/10.15452/CEJNM.2018.09.0013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15452/CEJNM.2018.09.0013

Zeyneloglu, S., & Terzioglu, F. (2011). Development and psychometric properties gender roles attitude scale. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 40, 409-420.