Perceptual richness of words and its role in free and cued recall
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.v15i3.2400Keywords:
free recall, cued recall, dual coding theory, perceptual richness, perceptual symbol systems theoryAbstract
This research aimed to clarify the role of the perceptual richness of words (PR) in the recall tasks. PR was operationalized as the number of sensory modalities through which an object can be perceived. Previously, we found that concepts experienced with many modalities (dog) were recalled more accurately in cued recall than those perceived with few modalities (rainbow) and abstract words. This finding fitted the Perceptual symbol system theory (PSST) and the Dual coding theory (DCT) predictions. We tested the PR effect in both cued (experiment 1- E1) and free recall tasks (experiment 2 – E2) in the present study. With careful stimuli manipulation of context availability and emotional valence and statistical control of arousal and relatedness, made to exclude their influence on recall, we tested alternative explanations of the concreteness effect offered by the relational-distinctiveness hypothesis. The additional perceptual codes improved recall accuracy in the cued recall task (E1), which was in line with the PSST and the DCT. This conclusion is straightforward: two critical groups of concrete words were matched for concreteness and visual perceptual strength. Thus, more accurate recall of concepts experienced with many modalities can be attributed to richer perceptual experience. However, the relational information was essential for recall accuracy in the free recall task (E2), as hypothesized by the relational-distinctiveness hypothesis.
Metrics
References
Balota, D., Pilotti, M, & Cortese, M. (2001). Subjective frequency estimates for 2,938 monosyllabic words. Memory & Cognition, 29(4). 639-647. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200465
Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577-660. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12903648 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99002149
Barsalou, L. W. (2007). Grounded Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 617–645. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639
Barsalou, L.W. (2010). Grounded Cognition: Past, Present, and Future. Topics in Cognitive Science,2, 716–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01115.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01115.x
Barsalou, L. W., Simmons, W. K., Barbey, A. K., & Wilson, C. D. (2003). Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00029-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00029-3
Begg, I. (1973). Imagery and integration in the recall of words. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 27, 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0082465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0082465
Begg, I. & Robertson, R. (1973). Imagery and Long-Term Retention. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,12, 689-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80049-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80049-0
Bradley, M.M., & Lang, P.J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report C-1, The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
Brysbaert, M., Stevens, M., De Deyne, S., Voorspoels, W. & Storms, G. (2014). Norms of age of acquisition and concreteness for 30,000 Dutch words. Acta Psychologica, 150, 80-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.04.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.04.010
Brysbaert, M., Warriner, A.B. & Kuperman, V. (2014). Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas. Behaviour Research Methods, 46(3), 904-911. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0403-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0403-5
Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (2004). Extensions of the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36(3), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195584. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195584
Connell, L. & Lynott, D. (2012). Strength of perceptual experience predicts word processing performance better than concreteness or imageability. Cognition, 125, 452-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.010
Filipović Đurđević, D. Popović Stijačić, M. & Karapandžić, J. (2016). A quest for sources of perceptual richness: Several candidates. Studies in language and mind: Selected papers from the 3rd workshop in psycholinguistic, neurolinguistic and clinical linguistic research, Edited by Sabina Halupka-Rešetar and Silvia Martínez-Ferreiro, Faculty of Philosophy, Novi Sad, 187-238. http://digitalna.ff.uns.ac.rs/sites/default/files/db/books/978-86-6065-359-0.pdf
Glanzer, M. (1972). Storage mechanisms in recall. U G.H. Bower & J.T. Spence (Eds.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 5, 129-193), New York, Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60441-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60441-7
Glenberg, A. M., & Robertson, D. A. (2000). Symbol grounding and meaning: A comparison of high-dimensional and embodied theories of meaning. Journal of Memory & Language, 43, 379–401. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2714
Horowitz, L. M., & Prytulak, L. S. (1969). Redintegrative memory. Psychological Review, 76, 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028139
Kosslyn, S. M. (2005). Mental images and the brain. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22, 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290442000130
Kostić, Đ. (1999). Frekvencijski rečnik savremenog srpskog jezika. Tom I – VII. Institut za eksperimentalnu fonetiku i patologiju govora Beograd i Laboratorija za eksperimentalnu psihologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu.
Kousta, S. T., Vinson, D. P., & Vigliocco, G. (2009). Emotion words, regardless of polarity, have a processing advantage over neutral words. Cognition, 112(3), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.007
Kousta, S.-T-, Vigliocco, G., Vinson, D.P., Andrews, M., & Del Campo, E. (2011). The representation of abstract words: why emotion matters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,140(1), 14-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021446
Lynott, D. & Connell, L. (2013). Modality exclusivity norms for 400 nouns: The relationship between perceptual experience and surface word form. Behaviour Research Methods, 45, 516-526. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0267-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0267-0
Lynott, D., Connell, L., Brysbaert, M., Brand, J., & Carney, J. (2019). The Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms: multidimensional measures of perceptual and action strength for 40,000 English words. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01316-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ktjwp
Marschark, M., & Hunt, R. R. (1989). A reexamination of the role of imagery in learning and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 710-720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.15.4.710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.15.4.710
Marschark, M. & Surian, L. (1992). Concreteness effects in free recall: The roles of imaginal and relational processing. Memory & Cognition, 20, 612-620. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202711
Mathôt, S., Schreij, D. & Theeuwes, J. (2012). OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavioral Research Method, 44, 314-324. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0168-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0168-7
Matuschek, H., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., Baayen, H. and Bates, D. (2018). Balancing Type I error and power in linear mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language, 94, 305-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.00 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001
Meteyard, L., Cuadrado, S. R., Bahrami, B., & Vigliocco, G. (2012). Coming of age: A review of embodiment and the neuroscience of semantics. Cortex, 48(7), 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.11.002
Morton, J. (1969). Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological Review, 76(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027366
Murdock, B. B. Jr. (1962). The retention of individual items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 618-625. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043657
Nelson, D. L. & Schreiber, T. A. (1992). Word concreteness and word structure as independent determinants of recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 237-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90013-N DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90013-N
Paivio, A. (1965). Abstractness, Imagery, and Meaningfulness in Paired-Associate Learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8(4), 32–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(65)80064-0
Paivio, A. (1969). Mental imagery in associative learning and memory. Psychological Review, 76, 241-263. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027272
Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45, 255-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084295
Paivio, A. (2008). Mental Representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195066661.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195066661.001.0001
Paivio, A. (2013). Dual coding theory, word abstractness, and emotion: A criticial review of Kousta et al. (2011). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 282–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027004
Paivio, A., Clark, J. M., & Khan, M. (1988). Effects of concreteness and semantic relatedness on composite imagery ratings and cued recall. Memory & Cognition, 16, 422-430. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214222
Paivio, A., & Sadoski, M. (2011). Lexicons, contexts, events, and images: Commentary on elman (2009) from the perspective of dual coding theory. Cognitive Science, 35(1), 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01146.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01146.x
Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Madigan, A. M. (1968). Concreteness, imagery and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025327
Paivio, A., Walsh, M., & Bons, T. (1994). Concreteness Effects on Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 20(5), 1196–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1196
Pecher, D. & Zeelenberg, R. (2008). Embodied Knowledge. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0100
Pecher, D., Zeelenberg, R., & Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Verifying properties from different modalities for concepts produces switching costs. Psychological Science, 14(404), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01429
Pecher, D., van Dantzig, S., & Schifferstein, H. N. J. (2009). Concepts are not represented by conscious imagery. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(5), 914–919. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.5.914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.5.914
Popović Stijačić, M., Mihić, Lj, & Filipović Đurđević, D. (2018). Analysing data from memory tasks: comparison of ANOVA, logistic regression and mixed logit model. Psihologija, 51(3), 259-287. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI170615023P DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI170615023P
R Core Team (2018). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
Reilly, J., Hung, J. & Westbury, C. (2017). Non-Arbitrariness in Mapping Word Form to Meaning: Cross-Linguistic Formal Markers of Word Concreteness. Cognitive Science, 41(4), 1071-1089. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12361 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12361
Schwanenflugel, P. J., Harnishfeger, K. K., & Stowe, R. W. (1988). Context availability and lexical decisions for abstract and concrete words. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 499-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(88)90022-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(88)90022-8
Schwanenflugel, P., Akin, C., & Luh, W.-M. (1992). Context availability and the recall of abstract and concrete words. Memory & Cognition, 20, 96-104. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03208259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03208259
Schwanenflugel, P., & Shoben, E. (1983). Differential context effects in the comprehension of abstract and concrete verbal materials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, Vol 9(1), 82-102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.9.1.82 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.9.1.82
Speed, L. J., & Majid, A. (2017). Dutch modality exclusivity norms: Simulating perceptual modality in space. Behavior Research Methods, 49(6), 2204–2218. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0852-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0852-3
Popović Stijačić, M., & Filipović Đurđević, D. (2015). Uspešnost reprodukcije u zavisnosti od broja čula kojima je moguće iskusiti pojam. Primenjena psihologija, 8(3), 335-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2015.3.335-352. [Number of sensory modalities through which a concept can be experienced: effect on recall] DOI: https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2015.3.335-352
Vergallito, A., Petilli, M. A., & Marelli, M. (2020). Perceptual modality norms for 1,121 Italian words: A comparison with concreteness and imageability scores and an analysis of their impact in word processing tasks. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01337-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01337-8
Živanović, J., & Filipović Đurđević, D. (2011). On advantage of seeing text and hearing speech. Psihologija, 44(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1602211E DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1101061Z
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Milica Popović Stijačić, Dušica Filipović Đurđević
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
