CHEATING IN THE ACADEMIC SETTINGS - THE ROLE OF DARK TETRAD, ATTITUDES TOWARD CHEATING AND MORAL REASONING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.2.243-262Keywords:
attitudes towards cheating, cheating, dark personality traits, moral reasoningAbstract
The aim of this research was to examine the contribution of dark personality traits, moral reasoning and attitudes toward cheating to the cheating in an academic setting. Students from three faculties in Osijek (N = 331) participated in this study. The Moral Reasoning Test, the Dark Triad Short Scale, the Sadistic Tendencies Questionnaire, and the modified School Cheating Scale were applied. Gender differences were found in the reported proportion of minor forms of cheating (men were more prone to this type of cheating). Psychopathy and positive attitudes toward minor forms of cheating were found to be significant predictors of minor forms of cheating. Program types, sadism and attitudes toward difficult forms of cheating were significant predictors of more severe forms of cheating. Attitudes toward minor or severe forms of cheating proved to be the strongest predictors of both forms of cheating in an academic setting.
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References
Abdolmohammadi, M. J., & Baker, C. R. (2007). The relationship between moral reasoning and plagiarism in accounting courses: A replication study. Issues in Accounting Education, 22(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.2308/iace.2007.22.1.45
Ameen, E., Guffey, D., & McMillan, J. (1996). Gender differences in determining the ethical sensitivity of future accounting professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(5), 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381934
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022–3514.51.6.1173
Berk, L. E. (2008). Psihologija cjeloživotnog razvoja. Naklada Slap.
Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: a critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033–2909.88.1.1
Book, A., Visser, B. A., Blais, J., Hosker–Field, A., Methot–Jones, T., Gauthier, N. Y., & D'Agata, M. T. (2016). Unpacking more “evil”: What is at the core of the dark tetrad?. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.009
Bulut, T. (2017). The concept of sadism in the current empirical literature. Zbornik Instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, 1(36), 23–41.
Cummings, R., Maddux, C. D., Harlow, S., & Dyas, L. (2002). Academic misconduct in undergraduate teacher education students and its relationship to their principled moral reasoning. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 29(4), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312038001143
Farkas, D., & Orosz, D (2012). Why Hungarian high school students cheat? Practice and
Theory in Systems of Education, 7(3), 279–292.
Graham, M. A., J. Monday, O’Brien, K., & Steffen, S. (1994). Cheating at Small Colleges: An Examination of Student and Faculty Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of College Student Development, 35(4), 255–260.
Hrabak, M., Vujaklija, A., Vodopivec, I., Hren, D., Marušić, M. i Marušić, A. (2004). Academic misconduct among medical students in a post–communist country. Medical Education, 38(1), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2923.2004.01766.x
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Czarna, A. Z. (2013). Quick and dirty: Some psychosocial costs associated with the Dark Triad in three countries. Evolutionary Psychology, 11(1), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100116
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Teicher, E. A. (2010). Who is James Bond? The Dark Triad as an agentic social style. Individual Differences Research, 8(2), 111–120.
Jonason, P. K., Strosser, G. L., Kroll, C. H., Duineveld, J. J., & Baruffi, S. A. (2015). Valuing myself over others: The Dark Triad traits and moral and social values. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.045
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2012). A protean approach to social influence: dark Triad personalities and social influence tactics. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.023
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
Josephson Institute of Ethics (2006, October 15). Report card on the ethics of American youth. Retrieved from http://www.josephsoninstitute.org/reportcard/
King, P. M., & Mayhew, M. J. (2002). Moral judgement development in higher education: Insights from the Defining Issues Test. Journal of Moral Education, 31(3), 247–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022000008106
Kitahara, R., Westfall, F., & Mankelwicz, J. (2011). New, multi–faceted hybrid approaches to ensuring academic integrity. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 3, 1–12.
Lind, G. (2015). Favorable Learning Environments for Moral Competence Development. A Multiple Intervention Study with 3.000 Students in a Higher Education Context. International Journal of University Teaching and Faculty Development, 4(4).
Retreived from: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php ?products_id=53411
Lupton, R. A., Chapman, K. J., & Weiss, J. E. (2000). A cross–national exploration of business students attitudes, perceptions, and tendencies toward academic dishonesty. Journal of Education for Business, 75(4), 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320009599020
Magnus, J. R., Polterovich, V. M., Danilov, D. L., & Savvateev, A. V. (2002). Tolerance of cheating: an analysis across countries. The Journal of Economic Education, 33(2), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220480209596462
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextual influences. The Journal of Higher Education, 64(5), 522–538. https://doi.org/10.2307/2959991
Murdock, T. B., & Stephens, J. M. (2007). Is cheating wrong? Students' reasoning about academic dishonesty. In E. M. Anderman & T. B. Murdock (Eds.), Psychology of academic cheating (pp. 229–251). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978–012372541–7/50014–0
Olivero, N., Greco, A., Annoni, A. M., Steca, P., & Lowry, P. B. (2019). Does opportunity make the thief? Abilities and moral disengagement in illegal downloading. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(12), 1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1583768
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092–6566(02)00505–6
Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Toward a Taxonomy of Dark Personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 421–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547737
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measuring dark personalities via questionnaire. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562–594). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2010–0–68427–6
Pavlin–Bernardić, N., Rovan, D., & Pavlović, J. (2017). Academic Cheating in Mathematics Classes: A Motivational Perspective. Ethics & Behavior, 27(6), 486–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2016.1265891
Plouffe, R. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Smith, M. M. (2017). The assessment of sadistic personality: Preliminary psychometric evidence for a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.043
Proroković, A. (2016). Test moralnog rasuđivanja (TMR). U: Junaković Tucak, I., Burić, I., Ćubela Adorić, V., Proroković, A. i Slišković, A. (Ur.), Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika, Svezak 8 (str. 63–72). Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za psihologiju.
Proroković, A., Nikolić, M. i Šimić, N. (2017). Moral reasoning and its correlates in job applicants. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 68, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1515/aiht–2017–68–2893
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal–components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.54.5.890
Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012). How "dark" are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.020
Rest, J., & Narvaez, D. (1991). The College Experience And Moral Development. In: W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development. Vol 2: Research (pp. 229–245). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sideridis, G. D., Tsaousis, I., & Al Harbi, K. (2016). Predicting Academic Dishonesty on National Examinations: The Roles of Gender, Previous Performance, Examination Center Change, City Change, and Region Change, Ethics & Behavior, 26(3), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2015.1009630
Sanders, C.E., Lubinski, D., & Perrson Benbow, C. (1995). Does the Defining Issues Test measure psychological phenomena distinct from verbal ability?: An examination of Lykken's query, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.69.3.498
Šimić Šašić, S. i Klarin, M. (2009). Varanje u srednjim školama u Hrvatskoj i u Bosni i Hercegovini. Društvena istraživanja, 18(6(104)), 999–1022.
Štambuk, M., Maričić, A. i Hanzec, I. (2015). Cheating is Unacceptable, but... Teachers’ Perceptions of and Reactions to Students’ Cheating at Schools and Universities. Croatian Journal of Education, 17(4), 259–288. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v17i0.1258
Tokić, A., & Nikolić, M. (2017). Moral reasoning among Croatian students of different academic orientations. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(2), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p208–213
Tomašić Humer, J., Babić Čikeš, A., Hajek, D., & Jambrešić, I. (2018). Moral Reasoning and Moral Foundations in the academic context. Mednarodna konferenca EDUvision 2018: Sodobni pristopi poučevanja prihajajočih generacij, 1299–1308.
Trémolière, B., & Djeriouat, H. (2016). The sadistic trait predicts minimization of intention and causal responsibility in moral judgment. Cognition, 146, 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.014
Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.
Wertag, A., Vrselja, I. i Tomić, T. (2011). Provjera konstruktne valjanosti Paulhusovog i Williamsovog (2002) upitnika Mračne trijade D3–27. 19. godišnja konferencija hrvatskih psihologa: Vrijeme sličnosti i razlika – izazov psihologiji i psiholozima (str. 180). Preuzeto sa https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/537948.Poster–Osijek.pdf
Wideman, M. (2008). Academic dishonesty in postsecondary education: A literature review. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching & Learning Journal, 2, 1–12.
Williams, K. M., Nathanson, C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Identifying and profiling scholastic cheaters: Their personality, cognitive ability, and motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 16(3), 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020773
Ameen, E., Guffey, D., & McMillan, J. (1996). Gender differences in determining the ethical sensitivity of future accounting professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(5), 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381934
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022–3514.51.6.1173
Berk, L. E. (2008). Psihologija cjeloživotnog razvoja. Naklada Slap.
Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: a critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033–2909.88.1.1
Book, A., Visser, B. A., Blais, J., Hosker–Field, A., Methot–Jones, T., Gauthier, N. Y., & D'Agata, M. T. (2016). Unpacking more “evil”: What is at the core of the dark tetrad?. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.009
Bulut, T. (2017). The concept of sadism in the current empirical literature. Zbornik Instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, 1(36), 23–41.
Cummings, R., Maddux, C. D., Harlow, S., & Dyas, L. (2002). Academic misconduct in undergraduate teacher education students and its relationship to their principled moral reasoning. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 29(4), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312038001143
Farkas, D., & Orosz, D (2012). Why Hungarian high school students cheat? Practice and
Theory in Systems of Education, 7(3), 279–292.
Graham, M. A., J. Monday, O’Brien, K., & Steffen, S. (1994). Cheating at Small Colleges: An Examination of Student and Faculty Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of College Student Development, 35(4), 255–260.
Hrabak, M., Vujaklija, A., Vodopivec, I., Hren, D., Marušić, M. i Marušić, A. (2004). Academic misconduct among medical students in a post–communist country. Medical Education, 38(1), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2923.2004.01766.x
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Czarna, A. Z. (2013). Quick and dirty: Some psychosocial costs associated with the Dark Triad in three countries. Evolutionary Psychology, 11(1), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100116
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Teicher, E. A. (2010). Who is James Bond? The Dark Triad as an agentic social style. Individual Differences Research, 8(2), 111–120.
Jonason, P. K., Strosser, G. L., Kroll, C. H., Duineveld, J. J., & Baruffi, S. A. (2015). Valuing myself over others: The Dark Triad traits and moral and social values. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.045
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2012). A protean approach to social influence: dark Triad personalities and social influence tactics. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.023
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
Josephson Institute of Ethics (2006, October 15). Report card on the ethics of American youth. Retrieved from http://www.josephsoninstitute.org/reportcard/
King, P. M., & Mayhew, M. J. (2002). Moral judgement development in higher education: Insights from the Defining Issues Test. Journal of Moral Education, 31(3), 247–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022000008106
Kitahara, R., Westfall, F., & Mankelwicz, J. (2011). New, multi–faceted hybrid approaches to ensuring academic integrity. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 3, 1–12.
Lind, G. (2015). Favorable Learning Environments for Moral Competence Development. A Multiple Intervention Study with 3.000 Students in a Higher Education Context. International Journal of University Teaching and Faculty Development, 4(4).
Retreived from: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php ?products_id=53411
Lupton, R. A., Chapman, K. J., & Weiss, J. E. (2000). A cross–national exploration of business students attitudes, perceptions, and tendencies toward academic dishonesty. Journal of Education for Business, 75(4), 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320009599020
Magnus, J. R., Polterovich, V. M., Danilov, D. L., & Savvateev, A. V. (2002). Tolerance of cheating: an analysis across countries. The Journal of Economic Education, 33(2), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220480209596462
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextual influences. The Journal of Higher Education, 64(5), 522–538. https://doi.org/10.2307/2959991
Murdock, T. B., & Stephens, J. M. (2007). Is cheating wrong? Students' reasoning about academic dishonesty. In E. M. Anderman & T. B. Murdock (Eds.), Psychology of academic cheating (pp. 229–251). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978–012372541–7/50014–0
Olivero, N., Greco, A., Annoni, A. M., Steca, P., & Lowry, P. B. (2019). Does opportunity make the thief? Abilities and moral disengagement in illegal downloading. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(12), 1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1583768
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092–6566(02)00505–6
Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Toward a Taxonomy of Dark Personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 421–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547737
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measuring dark personalities via questionnaire. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562–594). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2010–0–68427–6
Pavlin–Bernardić, N., Rovan, D., & Pavlović, J. (2017). Academic Cheating in Mathematics Classes: A Motivational Perspective. Ethics & Behavior, 27(6), 486–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2016.1265891
Plouffe, R. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Smith, M. M. (2017). The assessment of sadistic personality: Preliminary psychometric evidence for a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.043
Proroković, A. (2016). Test moralnog rasuđivanja (TMR). U: Junaković Tucak, I., Burić, I., Ćubela Adorić, V., Proroković, A. i Slišković, A. (Ur.), Zbirka psihologijskih skala i upitnika, Svezak 8 (str. 63–72). Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za psihologiju.
Proroković, A., Nikolić, M. i Šimić, N. (2017). Moral reasoning and its correlates in job applicants. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 68, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1515/aiht–2017–68–2893
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal–components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.54.5.890
Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012). How "dark" are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.020
Rest, J., & Narvaez, D. (1991). The College Experience And Moral Development. In: W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development. Vol 2: Research (pp. 229–245). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sideridis, G. D., Tsaousis, I., & Al Harbi, K. (2016). Predicting Academic Dishonesty on National Examinations: The Roles of Gender, Previous Performance, Examination Center Change, City Change, and Region Change, Ethics & Behavior, 26(3), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2015.1009630
Sanders, C.E., Lubinski, D., & Perrson Benbow, C. (1995). Does the Defining Issues Test measure psychological phenomena distinct from verbal ability?: An examination of Lykken's query, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.69.3.498
Šimić Šašić, S. i Klarin, M. (2009). Varanje u srednjim školama u Hrvatskoj i u Bosni i Hercegovini. Društvena istraživanja, 18(6(104)), 999–1022.
Štambuk, M., Maričić, A. i Hanzec, I. (2015). Cheating is Unacceptable, but... Teachers’ Perceptions of and Reactions to Students’ Cheating at Schools and Universities. Croatian Journal of Education, 17(4), 259–288. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v17i0.1258
Tokić, A., & Nikolić, M. (2017). Moral reasoning among Croatian students of different academic orientations. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(2), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p208–213
Tomašić Humer, J., Babić Čikeš, A., Hajek, D., & Jambrešić, I. (2018). Moral Reasoning and Moral Foundations in the academic context. Mednarodna konferenca EDUvision 2018: Sodobni pristopi poučevanja prihajajočih generacij, 1299–1308.
Trémolière, B., & Djeriouat, H. (2016). The sadistic trait predicts minimization of intention and causal responsibility in moral judgment. Cognition, 146, 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.014
Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.
Wertag, A., Vrselja, I. i Tomić, T. (2011). Provjera konstruktne valjanosti Paulhusovog i Williamsovog (2002) upitnika Mračne trijade D3–27. 19. godišnja konferencija hrvatskih psihologa: Vrijeme sličnosti i razlika – izazov psihologiji i psiholozima (str. 180). Preuzeto sa https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/537948.Poster–Osijek.pdf
Wideman, M. (2008). Academic dishonesty in postsecondary education: A literature review. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching & Learning Journal, 2, 1–12.
Williams, K. M., Nathanson, C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Identifying and profiling scholastic cheaters: Their personality, cognitive ability, and motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 16(3), 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020773
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09.07.2020
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Jambrešić, I., Tomašić Humer, J., & Babić Čikeš, A. (2020). CHEATING IN THE ACADEMIC SETTINGS - THE ROLE OF DARK TETRAD, ATTITUDES TOWARD CHEATING AND MORAL REASONING. Primenjena Psihologija, 13(2), 243–262. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2020.2.243-262
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